Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CSB520 - Disease processes > wk 5- cardiac pathology > Flashcards

wk 5- cardiac pathology Flashcards

1
Q

right side of the heart does what

A

weaker ventricle, pumping poorly oxygenated blood into pulmonary artery (circuit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

left side of the heart does what

A

stronger ventricle, enters aorta our major artery. pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circuit to the body downstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the difference between angina and myocardial infarction

A

angina caused by transient ischaemia, no necrosis occurs, loss of blood supply but blood is restored

myocardial infarction caused by acute ischaemia, necrosis occurs in the myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the inflammation and repair that occurs following a myocardial infarction

A

acute inflammation
healing through organisation because it is a permanent organ. granulation tissue and the 3 components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what 5 complications can occur following an MI

A
  1. thrombus
  2. embolus
  3. aneurysm
  4. arrhythmia
  5. further heart failure and disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

list the causes of left sided heart failure

A
  1. ischaemic heart disease
  2. systemic hypertension
  3. aortic/mitral valve disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

list the causes of right sided heart failure

A
  1. left side failing first
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe backward effects of left sided heart failure and what symptoms they cause

A

pulmonary congestion
pulmonary oedema
reduced venous return from pulmonary circuit

symptoms: dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe backward effects of right sided heart failure and what symptoms they cause

A

congestion and oedema in the systemic venous circuit leading to peripheral oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe forward effects of heart failure, what compensatory mechanisms are triggered from a reduction in cardiac output

A

cardiac ouput goes down, kidney activates RAAS.
renin angiotensin aldosterone system
angio- vasoconstrictor increasing vascular resistance
aldo- increase sodium uptake increasing blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list some common causes and possible consequences of endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

causes: necrosis, bacterial infection, trauma all these can lead to inflammation

consequences: stenosis or incompetence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

list some common causes and possible consequences of pericarditis

A

inflammation of the outer sack of the heart

causes: intrinsic heart disease, disease in lungs, pleura, medistinum, generalised disorders, aging

consequences: heart failure (acute or chronic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stenosis

A

valve does not open properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

incompetence

A

valve does not close properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypertension

A

increased blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

systemic hypertension is caused by

A

cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

congestive heart failure

A

heart increases in size to meet demands of maintaining blood pressure and cardiac output

18
Q

what is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis

A

aging

19
Q

what are the impacts of age on cardiovascular system

A

increase in ischaemic heart disease and heart failure with age. heart valves can become calcified with age also.

20
Q

main risk factors for atherosclerosis 6

A

diabetes
increasing age
being male
smoking
systemic hypertension
hyperlipidaemia (increased LDL, decreased HDL)

21
Q

what is atherosclerosis and what vascular pathology does it cause

A

a chronic inflammatory process within the wall of an artery.

1.predisposes you towards formation of an aneurysm, thrombus and embolus.
aneurysm can rupture
thrombus/embolus can cause infarctions
2. increases resistance of blood flow and reduces the supply to tissues

22
Q

how does atherosclerosis contribute to systemic hypertension? 3

A
  1. reducing vessel contractility
  2. increasing resistance of blood flow
    3.injure kidneys and increase RAAS which increases systemic hypertension (increased blood volume and vascular resistance)
23
Q

how does systemic hypertension lead to atherosclerosis

A

increases the chance of endothelial injury due to the turbulent blood flow.

24
Q

how can large aneurysms place greater stress on the heart?

A

the pocket increases the workload of the heart as blood is diverted from its luminal flow

25
Q

what does the kidney do in response to hypotension

A

the kidneys activate RAAS - renin- angiotensin II- aldosterone system

which:

angiotensin II leads to vasoconstriction which increases vascular resistance

aldosterone from the adrenal glands increases sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys which increases blood volume

these are also the forward effects of heart failure

26
Q

what do the kidneys do in response to systemic hypertension

A

activate RAAS as well and cause further hypertension

27
Q

explain the inflammatory and repair that occurs in the heart following a myocardial infarction

A

The infarcted tissue would stimulate the acute inflammatory response so there would be
hyperaemia, oedema and the infiltration of the tissue by neutrophils. Hyperaemia increases
hydrostatic pressure causing fluid to leak from the vessels into the damaged tissue. In addition,
increased vascular permeability allows plasma proteins to also enter the damaged tissue hence
the oedema is an exudate.
Because the heart is a permanent tissue, the formation of granulation tissue would follow;
macrophages will move into the necrotic tissue and continue to remove it along with the
increasingly apoptotic population of neutrophils. Fibroblasts would migrate into the area and
secrete collagen fibres to fill in the space once occupied by dead myocytes and new capillaries
(angiogenesis) would sprout into the area to provide growth factors, oxygen and nutrients for
the granulation tissue.
Once the dead cells are removed and the tissue deficit filled with collagen, the macrophages and
fibroblasts migrate away and the new capillaries regress (die of by apoptosis). As this is a case of
organization as part of acute inflammation, the granulation tissue would mature into a collagen
scar which contracts over time pulling the edges of parenchymal tissue together.

28
Q

what local effects can endocarditis have?

A

damage/scarring to the valves
valve stenosis
valave insufficiency/incompetence
right side heart failure or global heart failure

29
Q

what are two types of valves diseases

A

stenosis
insufficiency

30
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium, the sack surrounding the heart

31
Q

what are the most common causes of pericarditis

A

infection, autoimmune disease, secondary cancer, spread of inflammatory response caused by myocardial infarction

32
Q

what is congestive heart failure

A

a clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricles to fill with or eject blood, thus resulting in congestion of blood trying to enter the failing ventricle and reducing the amount ejected with each contraction

33
Q

what are the forward effects of left and ride sided heart failure?

A

Aldosterone increases sodium and water reabsorption by the kidney  increasing blood volume
Angiotensin II leads to vasoconstriction  increased vascular resistance.

When the heart muscle is failing, the result is the maintenance of cardiac out and blood pressure
within a normal range.

34
Q

what are the main causes of left sided heart failure

A

systemic hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, pericarditis and valve disease

35
Q

pathology that increases in incidence with age

A

atherosclerosis which increases the risk of heart failure, ischaemic heart disease and valve disease

36
Q

list causes of left and right sided heart failure separately

A

left-
ischemic heart disease, valve disease, systemic hypertension

right-
left sided heart failure, pulomary hypertension, valve disease

37
Q

what are the forward effects of heart failure

A

decreased cardiac output leads to renal compensation through activation of RAAS

this results in CO and BP often appearing normal

38
Q

what are the backwards effects of right vs left sided heart failure?

A

left- congestion, oedema in the lungs, dyspnea

right- congestion and oedema in the venous system ???

39
Q

what symptoms would someone with right sided heart failure exhibit?

A

severe swelling of limbs, ascotes and distended jugular vein

40
Q

what symptoms would someone with left sided exhibit?

A

dyspnea, especiall when lying down, coughing up blood tinged fluid

41
Q

which organs are at risk of damage with right heart failure

A

organs with a large outflow into the inerior vena cava (liver and kidneys)

42
Q

what organs are at risk with left heart failure?

A

lungs

CSB520 - Disease processes (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions