wk 2 - neoplasia Flashcards
define neoplasia
new abnormal growth
define tumour
used to denote swelling, now it’s new abnormal growth, same as neoplasia
define malignancy
potentially fatal. also known as cancer
carc tells us what?
malignant
define dysplasia
not a cellular adaptation. mutations and abnormality in genotype/ phenotype. (pre cancer)
a risk is, normal cells undergoing hyperplasia/ metaplasia which can turn into dysplasia.
define in situ and metastasis
Metastasis- cancer cells break away from their primary site and spread to a secondary site in the body (3 routes of moving to another site)
In situ- abnormal cells that are in its original area and have not spread to different locations in the body. they are not cancerous but can become cancerous.
What type of cells are more likely to become cancerous
labile cells- continuously dividing and mutating
examples of labile cells that can become cancerous (carcinomas)
epithelial and haemopoietic stem cells
nomenclature of tumours what are they based off
cell origin (connective tissue, etc) and tumour type (malignant/benign)
connective tissue cell types (6)
fibrous tissue
muscle
cartilage
bone
fat
endothelium
nomenclature benign connective tissue
fibroma
leiomyona
chondroma
osteoeoma
lipoma
haemanigoma
malignant tumours of connective tissue
sarcomas (sarc- malignant, connective tissue- mesenchymal) cell origin
examples
fibrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
chondrosarcoma
etc
list the basic risk factors for the development of mutation and tumourgenesis (8)
- Self-sufficiency in growth signals
Proliferation without external stimuli - Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
- Evasion of apoptosis
- Defects in DNA repair
- Limitless replicative potential
- Sustained angiogenesis (form new blood vessels)
- Ability to invade & metastasize
- Predilection for glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect)
list the main differences between benign and malignant tumours (BENIGN) (4)
- Never metastasizes
- Encapsulated
- Homogenous (uniformity
of cells) - Well differentiated
list the main differences between benign and malignant tumours (MALIGNANT) (4)
- Can potentially metastasize
- Infiltrative growth pattern
- Heterogeneous
(pleomorphic – cells lack
uniformity) - Well-differentiated or poorly
or undifferentiated
(anaplastic)
list the 3 main routes of metastasis and common sites affected
- Blood (haematogenous)
- Lymphatics (vessels & nodes)
- Direct seeding (through/within body
cavities)
what are the 3 most common sites of metastatic neoplasms (cancers)
- lungs. drainage of venous and lymphatics (routes of metastasis)
- liver. venous circuit from multiple organs
- brain
understand the importance of early detection/ the significance of metastatic disease
ways cancer can come about (3)
- normal- multiple mutations - cancer (melanoma)
- normal - multiple mutations - benign tumour - further mutations - cancer
- normal - sustained stress - metaplasia - mutliple mutations - dysplasia -further mutations - cancer
what is the cell of origin and malignant version of leiomyoma
COO- smooth muscle
M-leiomyosarcoma
what is the cell of origin and malignant version of lipoma
COO-fat cell
M- liposarcoma
what is the cell of origin and malignant version of haemoangioma
COO-endothelial cell
M- haemangiosarcoma
what is the cell of origin and malignant version of osteoma
COO- bone cell
M- osteosarcoma
what is the cell of origin and malignant version of chondroma
COO-cartilage
M- condrosarcoma
what is the cell of origin and malignant version of adenoma
COO-glandular epithelial cell
M- adenocarcinoma
what is the cell of origin and malignant version of cystadenoma
COO-glandular epothelial cell - growing in cystic pattern
M- cystadenocarcinoma
what is the cell of origin and malignant version of papilloma
COO-epithelial cell - grows with finger like projections
M- papillocarcinoma
what is the cell of origin and malignant version of tertaoma
COO-germ cell
M- testicular teratoma is always malignant, teratocarcinoma
when can benign tumours be deadly?
a tumour in the brain that is deep or close to major blood vessels that is resistent to treatment as they can target rapidly dividing cells.
what is the cell of origin of leukaemia
hematopoietic cells
what is the cell of origin of lymphoma
lymphocytes
what is the cell of origin of melanoma
melanocytes
what is the cell of origin of giloma
glial cells
what is the cell of origin of mesothelioma
mesothelial cells
what is the cell of origin of testicular tumours
germ cell or embroyonic germ cell
which is a rare type of cancer sarcoma or carcinoma
sarcoma
which sarcoma is the most commonly found in young people?
osteosarcoma because the bones are still growing theres a risk but chances diminish after puberty
carinomas account for how much of malignancies?
approx 90%
difference between simple squamous epithelium and squamous epithelial cells
simple is delicsate and will die if stressed
squamous line areas exposed to phsyical stress and are labile
why do two different carcinomas occur at either end of the oesphagus
upper- the stratified squamous epiethlium is good at withdtanding physical stress of dietary constiuents, however they can be mutated by carcinogens in smoke, alchohol, infection with HPV, therefore the upper oesphagus is likely to develop a squamous cell carcinoma.
lower- in people with chronic gastric reflux, the stratified squamous cells are damaged by stomach aacid and they undergo metaplasia to become simple glandular epithelium which secrets muscous as a protective layer against the stomach acid. if mutations occur in these glandular epithelial cells they can form an adenocarcinoma
what type of epithelium normall lines the conductive regions of the airways
simple ciliated with goblet cells producing mucous
the irritation caused by smoking causes what type of cellular adaptations? and what are the positive/negative consequences of these changes?
in the oesphagus, the ciliated epithelium undergoes METAPLASIA to become stratified squamous epithelium.
the goblet cells undergo HYPERPLASIA
the cells survive but their function has changed so they no longer filter air or remove mucous so theres an increased risk of infection and coughing of mucous.
they also have an increased risk of becoming dysplastic or pre cancerous (abnormal cells)
what must take place before cancer develops in the lungs?
mutations lead to dysplasia, it is possible for the immune system to flag this and destroy it but if no symptoms, progressive where it becomes a carcinoma in-situ (epithelial malignancy that has not moved locations)
and eventually metastasizes.
which part of the cervix is most likely to form dysplastic lesions?
the transformation zone where metaplasia occurs during the females reproductive life
does metaplasia always happen before dysplasia?
no. it may occur before dysplasia in the cervix, lower oesphagus, conductive airways.
however in other tumours, normal cells undergo mutations and become benign tumour which further mutate becoming malignant
in other cases, the normal cells mutate and become dysplastic and then cancerous
cyst means
fluid filled sack
adeno means
glandular epithelial cell of origin
car means
malignancy of epithelial cell of origin
what does metastatsis mean
when some of the cancer cells move to distant sites and sep up secondary growths
what 3 organs are usually the site for secondary cancers?
the lungs- part of the venous system and cancers spread through lymphatic and venous system
liver- also part of the venous system for processing
brain/bones- one theres more cancer cells travelling in the blood, they go to areas of large arterial blood such as brain and bones
difference between sarcoma and carcinoma
sar = malignant and connective tissue origin
car= malignant and epithelial origin
what are 2 cellular adaptations that increase the risk of cancer
metaplasia and hyperplasia
why are carcinomas most common type of cancer
because of epithelial cell origin, able to divide.
they are also located in the front line of our bodies between inner tissue and anything entering our bodies
are benign and malignant tumours both composed of mutated cells?
yes, benign the cells have not mutated to allow cells to invade and matastasize though
