wk 10- repro Flashcards
construct a table of the main tumours that occur in the male and female reproductive systems (nomenclature, location, cell of origin and nature (benign/malignant)
uterus:
endometrium- glandular epithelium, adenoma -benign, adenocarcinoma -malignant
myometrium- smooth muscle, leiomyoma - benign, leiomyosarcoma - malignant
main causes and potential consequences of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
causes
-gonorrhea
-chlamydia
consequences
-leading cause of infertility
-ectopic pregnancy
possible outcomes of PID
scarring and obstruction
abscess
peritonitis and sepsis
increased chance of ectopic pregnancy and infertility
list the possible consequences of endometriosis?
causes-unknown
consequences
-painful
-leading cause for infertility
-ectopic pregnancy
list common causes of ectopic pregnancy
PID
endo
leiomyoma
what are the possible complications of cryptorchidism?
undescended testes:
trauma
cancer
sterility
psychological upset
list some examples of teratogens, what do we test for STI’s in pregnancy?
things that can cause birth defects
-radiation chemotherapy
-infections (syphillis, rubella, prescription drugs)
-alcohol
we test because syphillis is teratogenic and gonorrhea and clamydia can damage the baby when being born (sites of injury are eyes and pulmonary system)
list some of the endocrine conditions that increase the risk of developing diabetes type 2
-gestational diabetes
-PCOS Polycystic ovary syndrome
-cushings syndrome
-acromegaly
what cellular changes occur with uterine scars
acute inflammation- hyperaemia, oedema, neutrophils -> formulation of granulation tissue (fibroblasts secreting collagen, macrophages and angiogenesis) -. maturation into contracted collagen scar
what does congenital mean
Present at birth. Not all congenital diseases are genetic (some may occur due to exposure to
teratogens, birth trauma etc). Not all genetic diseases are congenital (adult-onset polycystic kidney
disease, Huntington’s) but some are (Down’s syndrome)
does pregnancy make endometriosis better?
due to loss of menstrual cycle it often improves during pregnancy
what complications may arise from the associated inflammation?
bleeding causes inflammation and organisation. the scar tissue can cause obstruction to the fallopian tubes, bowel, bladder etc
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of the penis
-stratified squamous epithelium
-SSC
-M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of testes
-germ cell
-teratoma/ seminoma
-M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of prostate
-glandular epithelium
-adenoma - B
-adenocarcinoma- M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of vuvla
-stratified squamous epithelium
-SCC
-M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of cervix (ectocervix)
-stratified squamous epithelium
-SCC
-M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of cervix (endocervix)
-simple glandular epithelium
-adenocarcinoma
-M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of uterus (myometrium)
-smooth muscle cell
-leiomyoma- B
leiomyosarcoma - M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of uterus (endomtrium)
-glangular epithelium
-adenoma -B
-adeocarcinoma -M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of fallopian tubes
-glandular epithelium
-adenoma -B
-adenocrcinoma -M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of ovary (4 types)
-germ cell, teratoma, B
-benign epitheralial tumour cell within teratoma, teratocarcinoma, M
-glandular epithelium, cystadenoma- B
-glandular epitherlium, cystadenocarcinoma, M
what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of breast
-glandular epithelium
-fibroadenoma -B
-adenocarcinoma -M
what is the word for pus
pyo
how does PID predispose individualds to ectopic pregnancy?
infection results in scarring of the fallopian tubes which can inhibit/impair the transit of sperm/ova.
Sperm are a smaller cell type compared to ova and the developing zygote so sperm may pass through
a constricted tube but the ova and zygote are too large so the latter implants in the wall
Common teratogens
Infections like Zika, Rubella, syphilis
Drugs like thalidomide, cytotoxic drugs, warfarin, anti-epileptics/mood stabilisers including sodium
valproate & carbamazepine
Alcohol & irradiation
Maternal transmission of Chlamydia or Gonorrhoea can cause conjunctival scarring of the new-born’s
eyes but is not strictly speaking teratogenic
why is pregnancy a risk factor for the development of gestational diabetes?
pregnant women become less sensitive to insulin and thus have more circulating glucose to supply to
the foetus. In a healthy situation, women do not develop gestational diabetes and the insulin
insensitivity is reversed once the baby and placenta are delivered. Being overweight and older at the
time of falling pregnant increases the risk of developing gestational diabetes leading to increased size
of the baby and more complications in the pregnancy and later
