wk 10- repro

Question 1

construct a table of the main tumours that occur in the male and female reproductive systems (nomenclature, location, cell of origin and nature (benign/malignant)

Answer 1

uterus:
endometrium- glandular epithelium, adenoma -benign, adenocarcinoma -malignant

myometrium- smooth muscle, leiomyoma - benign, leiomyosarcoma - malignant

Question 2

main causes and potential consequences of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 2

causes
-gonorrhea
-chlamydia

consequences
-leading cause of infertility
-ectopic pregnancy

Question 3

possible outcomes of PID

Answer 3

scarring and obstruction
abscess
peritonitis and sepsis
increased chance of ectopic pregnancy and infertility

Question 4

list the possible consequences of endometriosis?

Answer 4

causes-unknown

consequences
-painful
-leading cause for infertility
-ectopic pregnancy

Question 5

list common causes of ectopic pregnancy

Answer 5

PID
endo
leiomyoma

Question 6

what are the possible complications of cryptorchidism?

Answer 6

undescended testes:

trauma
cancer
sterility
psychological upset

Question 7

list some examples of teratogens, what do we test for STI’s in pregnancy?

Answer 7

things that can cause birth defects
-radiation chemotherapy
-infections (syphillis, rubella, prescription drugs)
-alcohol

we test because syphillis is teratogenic and gonorrhea and clamydia can damage the baby when being born (sites of injury are eyes and pulmonary system)

Question 8

list some of the endocrine conditions that increase the risk of developing diabetes type 2

Answer 8

-gestational diabetes
-PCOS Polycystic ovary syndrome
-cushings syndrome
-acromegaly

Question 9

what cellular changes occur with uterine scars

Answer 9

acute inflammation- hyperaemia, oedema, neutrophils -> formulation of granulation tissue (fibroblasts secreting collagen, macrophages and angiogenesis) -. maturation into contracted collagen scar

Question 10

what does congenital mean

Answer 10

Present at birth. Not all congenital diseases are genetic (some may occur due to exposure to
teratogens, birth trauma etc). Not all genetic diseases are congenital (adult-onset polycystic kidney
disease, Huntington’s) but some are (Down’s syndrome)

Question 11

does pregnancy make endometriosis better?

Answer 11

due to loss of menstrual cycle it often improves during pregnancy

Question 12

what complications may arise from the associated inflammation?

Answer 12

bleeding causes inflammation and organisation. the scar tissue can cause obstruction to the fallopian tubes, bowel, bladder etc

Question 13

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of the penis

Answer 13

-stratified squamous epithelium
-SSC
-M

Question 14

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of testes

Answer 14

-germ cell
-teratoma/ seminoma
-M

Question 15

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of prostate

Answer 15

-glandular epithelium
-adenoma - B
-adenocarcinoma- M

Question 16

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of vuvla

Answer 16

-stratified squamous epithelium
-SCC
-M

Question 17

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of cervix (ectocervix)

Answer 17

-stratified squamous epithelium
-SCC
-M

Question 18

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of cervix (endocervix)

Answer 18

-simple glandular epithelium
-adenocarcinoma
-M

Question 19

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of uterus (myometrium)

Answer 19

-smooth muscle cell
-leiomyoma- B
leiomyosarcoma - M

Question 20

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of uterus (endomtrium)

Answer 20

-glangular epithelium
-adenoma -B
-adeocarcinoma -M

Question 21

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of fallopian tubes

Answer 21

-glandular epithelium
-adenoma -B
-adenocrcinoma -M

Question 22

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of ovary (4 types)

Answer 22

-germ cell, teratoma, B
-benign epitheralial tumour cell within teratoma, teratocarcinoma, M
-glandular epithelium, cystadenoma- B
-glandular epitherlium, cystadenocarcinoma, M

Question 23

what is the COO, nomenclature, B/M of breast

Answer 23

-glandular epithelium
-fibroadenoma -B
-adenocarcinoma -M

Question 24

what is the word for pus

Answer 24

pyo

Question 25

how does PID predispose individualds to ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 25

infection results in scarring of the fallopian tubes which can inhibit/impair the transit of sperm/ova.
Sperm are a smaller cell type compared to ova and the developing zygote so sperm may pass through
a constricted tube but the ova and zygote are too large so the latter implants in the wall

Question 26

Common teratogens

Answer 26

Infections like Zika, Rubella, syphilis
Drugs like thalidomide, cytotoxic drugs, warfarin, anti-epileptics/mood stabilisers including sodium
valproate & carbamazepine
Alcohol & irradiation
Maternal transmission of Chlamydia or Gonorrhoea can cause conjunctival scarring of the new-born’s
eyes but is not strictly speaking teratogenic

Question 27

why is pregnancy a risk factor for the development of gestational diabetes?

Answer 27

pregnant women become less sensitive to insulin and thus have more circulating glucose to supply to
the foetus. In a healthy situation, women do not develop gestational diabetes and the insulin
insensitivity is reversed once the baby and placenta are delivered. Being overweight and older at the
time of falling pregnant increases the risk of developing gestational diabetes leading to increased size
of the baby and more complications in the pregnancy and later