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PSYC3082 > Wk 4 - Person-centred therapy > Flashcards

Wk 4 - Person-centred therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Carl Rogers (1902-87) came up with PCT because…

A

1930/40s psychoanalysis & directive approaches were used in hospital
Deeply ambivalent about exercise of power in therapy
Challenged validity of commonly accepted procedures such as:
o Advice
o Suggestion
o Direction
o Persuasion
o Teaching
o Interpretation
o Diagnosis

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2
Q

What three therapies are included under the Rogerian humanistic banner?
Which became a ‘third way’ - major school of psychotherapy alongside… (x2)

A

PCT, existential and gestalt

Behavioural and psychodynamic

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3
Q

What is emphasised by humanistic/Rogerian approaches? (x4)

A

People’s capacity to make rational choices and
Develop to their maximum potential.
Concern and respect for others

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4
Q

How do humanists/Rogerian/PCT view human nature? (x5)

A

Positive
Essentially trustworthy
Resources for self understanding and growth
Basic drive to fulfilment and self-actualisation (cf sexual and aggressive drives in Freud’s drive theory)
Angry or destructive actions seen as product of environment

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5
Q

How do humanists/Rogerian/PCT view the world? (x5)

A

Contrast with “expert” view of psychoanalytic…
“No other individual can determine what is correct or incorrect behaviour for anyone else”
His influence went beyond individual therapy context into social groups and international relations….
• If humans are truly present/practice empathic understanding etc they will be able to resolve disputes

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6
Q

What are the implications of a Rogerian world view?

A

Primary responsibility lies with client - autonomy, trust = responsibility
Active client - not authoritarian therapist

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7
Q

What is therapists focus in PCT/Rogerian therapy? (x4)

A

Constructive side of human nature
What is right with the person
Assets clients bring to therapy
Rather than a list of problems and deficits

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8
Q

What are the central constructs of PCT? (x3)

A

Experiencing
Actualising tendency
Self-concept

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9
Q

What does ‘experiencing’ mean in the context of Person-centred therapy? (x6)

A

Everything that is going on in the individual at that point in time:
• Emotions
• Sensory and physiological events
For growth, individuals must experience accurately, and
Discriminate between events that don’t/contribute to wellbeing
Therapist is not to judge/advise/interpret!

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10
Q

What is the actualising tendency in PCT?

A

Innate drive for growth & autonomy
Motivational construct
Movement towards realisation of full potential

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11
Q

What is the product of becoming increasingly actualised (in PCT terms)? (x4)

A

Openness to experience - take up new experiences when available, stepping out of the comfort zone
Trust in self - in ability to work it out, find out
Internal source of evaluation – not what those around us think of us
Willingness to continue growing - to keep challenging themselves

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12
Q

What is the self-concept referring to in PCT? (x3)

A

= a portion of experience becomes labelled as the self,
eg if I discover that I’m good at maths, and I value maths then this ability becomes part of a positive self concept.
Self-esteem, can be positive, negative, idealised etc

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13
Q

What does PCT hold as the impact of external factors? (x4)

A

Shaped by your relationships, and type of regard you experience
Unconditional positive regard “I’ll love you no matter what you do” = growth
Conditional regard “I’ll only love you if you do what I say” = reliance on external sources of validation = stunting of growth
As babies and infants, conditions of worth are external
• As we grow, the conditions of worth become more internalised as parts of the self

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14
Q

What is the emphasis of therapeutic process in PCT/ (x1)

A

The world of the client

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15
Q

What is the therapists role in PCT? (x4)

A

Therapist does not offer interpretation or guidance
To be present and accessible to client and
To focus on the here-and-now experience
• Changes in attitude, posture etc can signal important here and now points to focus on

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16
Q

What are therapeutic goals in PCT? (x5)

A

Person not problems
• Journey to authentic self
Increase independence/integration of different aspects of psyche -
Analogous to id/ego/superego integration in psychoanalysis

Assist with growth process to cope better with future problems
Becoming a fully functioning person (self-actualised)

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17
Q

According to PCT, what is the therapeutic relationship based on? (three core conditions of change) (x3)

A

Accurate empathic understanding
Congruence
Unconditional positive regard

18
Q

What is ‘accurate empathic understanding’ in the context of PCT? (x4)

A

Therapist tries to sense client’s whole subjective experience –
By careful and perceptive attention to what the client is saying.
Micro counselling techniques: eye contact, nodding, facial expression, reflection (paraphrasing and summarising).
Not just techniques, but whole attitude you take into sessions

19
Q

What is ‘congruence’ in the context of PCT? (x3)

A

Congruent therapist is open and genuine with the client rather than presenting a “professional front”
Willingness to relate to clients without hiding behind professional façade
Shares experience with client when therapeutically helpful

20
Q

What is ‘unconditional positive regard’ in the context of PCT? (x4)

A

Deep and genuine caring for client
Caring is not judgmental or evaluating
Non-possessive
Acceptance but not necessarily approval

21
Q

What is the Rogerian/PCT view of the conditions for change? (x4)

A

Apply to all clients and relationships
Necessary and sufficient for change
Therapist need not have specialised knowledge
Diagnosis is not necessary

22
Q

What is the counselling process for in PCT? (x4)

A

Explore beliefs and feelings
Express feelings too negative to accept
Increasing integration
Feel safe - become more open to experience, and more realistic

23
Q

In terms of empiricism, Rogers was the first… (x3)

A

To study counselling process in depth by analysing transcripts of actual therapy
o Looking for qualities of relationship, running themes

Clinician to conduct major quantitative studies on psychotherapy

To formulate comprehensive empiricaltheory of personality/psychotherapy

24
Q

What did Rogers find re the core conditions of change? (x1)

While more recent research holds that… (x1)

A

That they all correlated with outcomes

They are facilitative - ie necessary but no sufficient

25
Q

What are two major developments from PCT?

A

Motivational interviewing

Emotion focussed therapy

26
Q

What is motivational interviewing? (x4)

A

Offshoot of PCT
Theory that motivation is dynamic construct - product of client/therapist interaction
o Used to be viewed as stable, personality trait: “client didn’t improve because lacks motivation”
Approach stops blaming people for what happens in therapy

27
Q

Where was/is motivational interviewing used?

A

Started with addictive behaviours, then mental illness, health behaviours, etc
Where relapse is common along road – often judged as unready or unmotivated

28
Q

Why is motivational interviewing useful? (x2)

A

We know that telling a person to stop a harmful behaviour doesn’t work
Aim is for the client to tell you why they should change their behaviour

29
Q

What is the procedure for motivational interviewing? (x5)

A

Define target behaviour/goal

Identify and empathise with positives
• What functions does the behaviour serve that motivates continuance (different type of reaction than used to from family, GP etc)

Identify and empathise with negatives
Integrate with summary
Invite possibility of change

30
Q

What are the five principles of MI?

A

Empathic approach toward client
Develop discrepancy - between current and ideal self
Avoid argumentation
Roll with resistance
Support client’s self-efficacy for change

31
Q

How is motivational (interviewing) beneficial over confrontation? (x5)

A

Confrontation = direct feedback on negative consequences of behaviour
= shame as useful pushing the client into change (negative emotion)
Using negativity is a poor motivator
MI focuses on building positive emotions (interest, hope, inspiration) and
Client sees how change can meet his/her own needs = self-efficacy

32
Q

What did Hettema et al’s meta-analysis reveal about the effects of motivational interviewing? (x4)

A

Small to medium effects in improving health outcomes.
As stand-alone brief intervention, MI is supported for addictive behaviours, except smoking.
Also promising in chronic health management and treatment adherence
Effect sizes decrease over time

33
Q

What is emotion focussed therapy (EFT)? (x5)

A 
Offshoot of PCT
Focus on the client’s experiencing and making sense of his/her emotions:
   o	PCT relationship
   o	Gestalt experiential techniques
   o	Biological theories of emotion
34
Q

How does Emotion Focussed Therapy facilitate emotion focus and regulation? (x3)

A

Safe, validating and empathic environment
Maybe exaggerate the feeling in order to work out meaning
Neuro says emotions have signalling purpose, so awareness enables figuring out the signal

35
Q

How does Emotion Focussed Therapy facilitate emotion reflection and transformation? (x3)

A

Once client makes sense out of his/her emotions, they can work out what they need
Rather than cognitions, it’s emotions that transform other emotions
o One emotion can be transformed into another, eg Sadness into anger

36
Q

What are three types of EFT intervention?

A

Gestalt/mindfulness
Emotional awareness coaching
Empty/split chair

37
Q

What is Gestalt/mindfulness in EFT interventions? (x2)

A

Focus – on a physical sensation, and it’s properties. Describing sensation in order to make sense of it
Repeat, exaggerate – say it softer, louder

38
Q

What is involved in empty/split chair intervention in EFT? (x3)

A

Techniques to resolve unfinished business/facilitate perspective taking
Empty: Pretend that someone important to the issue in the chair, and tell them about it
Split: maybe then take their position in order to respond.

39
Q

What was revealed in comparison of PCT and EFT?

A

At 6 month follow-up, EFT depression clients showed slight continuing improvement (PCT worsened)
EFT also had better Survival Curve to Relapse

40
Q

What are the theoretical contributions of PCT? (x4)

A

Important shift in status of the client in therapy
Shift in focus from techniques to therapeutic relationship
Focus on empathy
Openness to research and evaluation

41
Q

What are two limitations of PCT?

A

Limited scope for technique

Little place for educative function

PSYC3082 (12 decks)

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