Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology Vet Tech > Wk 4 > Flashcards

Wk 4 Flashcards

1
Q

arachidonic acid cascade

A

Chemicals are released during cell damage; prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, cytokines, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Proud flesh

A

Occurs in horses

An over production of granulation tissue- secondary healing can’t occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cyclooxygenase

A

an enzyme in the inflammatory cascade

makes prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

COX-1

A

maintains physiologic functions like renal blood flow, normal platelet aggregation, and the synthesis of the gastric mucosa (“good” prostaglandins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

COX-2

A

stimulates formation of prostaglandins which mediate inflammation (“bad” prostaglandins)
*can also play a role in ulcer healing and maintenance of renal blood flow during stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fever

A

an increase in the body temperature above normal

Destruction of invading viruses or bacteria by heat inactivation; or by
Facilitating biochemical reactions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pyrogen

A

Something that induces a fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Exogenous

A

pyrogens come from outside the body, such as viruses and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endogenous

A

pyrogens come from inside the body and are usually chemical mediators such as prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

NSAID

A

Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

inhibiting cyclooxygenase at the cellular level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adverse Effects of NSAIDs

A 
GI ulceration and bleeding
They interfere with the normal mucus coating of the stomach
Nephrotoxicity
Bone marrow suppression
Bleeding tendencies
Hepatotoxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Contraindications/Precautions of NSAIDS

A

DO NOT use concurrently with steroids or other non-steroidals
Increased chance of GI ulcers

Use with caution in animals with hypoproteinemia
Once to twice yearly blood panels are recommended to monitor liver & kidney functions when giving long-term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What bleeding disorder should not receive NSAID?

A

von Willebrand’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aspirin

A

Acetylsalicylic Acid

Used for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyrexia, and anti-platelet effects
Decreased platelet aggregation (blood thinner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Asprin used for in animals?

A

Mild to moderate pain associated with osteoarthritis
Pulmonary artery disease secondary to heartworm infestation
Anti-platelet effects help less thrombi form)
Cardiomyopathy in cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is Asprin safe for cats?

A

No, only used when absolutely necessary
Cats do not metabolize aspirin very well or very quickly & toxicity is very possible
5mg PO per cat every 3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phenylbutazone

A

Bute, Butazolidin®

horses but is also approved for dogs

analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is Phenylbutazone safe for cattle?

A

No, only used when absolutely necessary

cattle, one dose requires a 30 day withdrawal time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Flunixin Meglumine

A

Banamine
horses but is approved for use in cattle and has been used off-label in dogs for parvovirus

Analgesic: pain from musculoskeletal disorders and very good analgesic for visceral pain (colic)
Anti-inflammatory: in endotoxemia and musculoskeletal issues
Anti-pyrexia: in endotoxemia and bovine respiratory disease, calf diarrheas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Can Banamine be used in febrile dogs?

A

Extreme care must be taken if used in febrile dogs; Banamine is very potent and takes the temperature down rapidly –sometimes too rapidly- which can be life threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Melena

A

Bloody poop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Carprofen

A

Rimadyl®

anti-inflammatory and analgesic but it does exhibit some effects on fever

In the US, approved for use only in dogs

Safer on the GI system than aspirin but GI signs may still occur; animal must be monitored for vomiting, diarrhea, melena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Etodolac

A

Etogesic®

more selective for inhibition of Cox-2 than Cox-1

used for the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs

not safe in dogs under 12 months of age

cause irreversible KCS in some dogs

24
Q

KCS

A

Dry eye

25
Q

Meloxicam

A

Metacam®
Cox-2 preferential NSAID

Fewer side effects than other NSAIDs
GI effects are still possible but only occur occasionally and are usually transient
Renal toxicity is low
Unknown if Meloxicam causes hepatotoxicity like the other NSAIDs
Used for analgesia and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis as well as for post-op pain
In cats and small dogs, to prevent overdosing the Meloxicam should be placed on the food rather than directly into the mouth (dosing is by the drop)

26
Q

Is Meloxicam safe for cats?

A

Has become common to use off-label in cats, too, but with CAUTION!
More susceptible to renal effects

27
Q

Deracoxib

A

Deramaxx®

Predominantly inhibits Cox-2 and spares Cox-1 For the treatment of post-op pain
For the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs

28
Q

Tepoxalin

A

Zubrin®

A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase so it blocks both arms of the arachidonic acid cascade.
Blocking LOX means a reduction in leukotrienes which contribute to inflammatory responses in joints and the GI tract
incoordination, incontinence, polyphagia, flatulence, hair loss, & trembling

29
Q

Firocoxib

A

Previcox®

Inhibits COX-2 while sparing COX-1

Used to treat the pain and inflammation associated with canine osteoarthritis

30
Q

Robenacoxib

A

Onsior
COX-2 selective NSAID for CATS
Alleviate post-op pain
weighing at least 5.5# and at least 6 mos of age for up to a max of 3 days

31
Q

Grapiprant

A

Galliprant®
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonist
Non cyclooxygenase inhibiting NSAID
pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs
vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, decreasing albumin and total protein

32
Q

Is Ibuprofen safe for dogs and cats?

A

NO NO NO

33
Q

Is Acetaminophen safe in cats?

A

NEVER, NEVER, NEVER in cats

34
Q

Is Acetaminophen safe in dogs?

A

At very low dose, yes.

Can cause Methemoglobinemia

35
Q

DMSO

A

dimethyl sulfoxide
free-radical scavenger (antioxidant) that has anti-inflammatory & analgesic effects
penetrates the skin; it serves as a carrier agent in promoting skin absorption of drugs and toxins; drugs which would not normally be absorbed topically will be if added to DMSO
used in head trauma & edema, post GI surgery, ischemic conditions

36
Q

Adequan

A

PSGAG = polysulfated glycosaminoglycan
PSGAG reduces inflammation by reducing prostaglandins released in joint injury
Increases hyaluronate in the joint thereby increasing synovial fluid viscosity

37
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Corticosteroids
Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)
Allergies
Asthma
Autoimmune disorders (thrombocytopenia, AIHA)
Neoplasia
Increased CSF pressure
Shock/toxemia
Steroid use is rarely a cure but a treatment for the symptoms of a disease

38
Q

Contraindications/Precautions

Glucocorticoids

A

systemic fungal, viral & bacterial infections
Systemic steroids need to be tapered-off slowly. Stopping the systemic steroids suddenly may cause the animal to crash into an Addisonian crisis, a potentially life-threatening situation

39
Q

Adverse Effects/Warnings

Glucocorticoids

A

PU/PD, polyphagia, panting, weight gain, dull haircoat, elevated liver enzymes, GI ulcers, DM, behavioral changes (depression/lethargy or aggression), redistribution of body fat

40
Q

Glucocorticoids Dose

A

Depends on their use
anti-inflammatory vs. immunosuppressive
disease being treated

41
Q

Prednisone/Prednisolone

A

Prednisone is a prodrug
Prednisone is biotransformed by liver enzymes into it’s active metabolite drug form, prednisolone.
cats are not efficient at the conversion and do better on prednisolone.

42
Q

Local Anesthetics are used

A

Topically: skin eye
Infiltration; SQ IM, line block
IV: The Bier Block of the distal extremity
Regional: Epidurals nerve blocks
The calculated dose is for the entire animal

43
Q

What is sometimes used to cause vasoconstriction?

A

epinephrine

44
Q

Why would you want vasoconstriction when using local anesthetics.

A

Less perfusion  less absorption of the local agent  prolonged effect of the agent in the area
Less bleeding

45
Q

used for ophthalmic procedures

A

Proparacaine

46
Q

Proparacaine Properties

A

Primarily anesthetizes the cornea
Anesthesia is short, 5-10 minutes
Refrigerate
Protect from light

47
Q

Lidocaine Properties

A

Immediate onset of action and short duration of effect (60-120 minutes)
78% of the administered dose reaches the general circulation
Lidocaine BURNS when first injected d/t low pH
Can mix 1:10 w/ sodium bicarbonate to neutralize it
Supplied: 1%, 2%**
Typical dose is 1-2 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine for local anesthesia

48
Q

Bupivacaine Properties

A

Marcaine
A long-acting agent that is about 4 times more potent than lidocaine
The onset of action is 20 minutes and the duration of action is 4-6 hours
Most commonly used for regional and epidural nerve blocks
CNS and cardiac toxicity result from lower doses and blood levels than those reported for lidocaine
Therefore, ASPIRATE!
Not used in Bier blocks!

49
Q

Tramadol

A

Schedule IV controlled drug
Dual action: Mu agonist (though not an opioid) & monoamine reuptake inhibitor (serotonin & norepi)
Can be used w/ NSAIDs or mu agonists (multimodal)
Side effects (rare): GI upset, sedation; tastes bad (bitter)
More recent studies suggest that it has no effect on osteoarthritis in dogs

50
Q

Neurontin

A

Gabapentin
Anticonvulsant medication with purported adjunctive analgesic action
MOA is unclear
Used for many forms of chronic pain, though its best application may be for neuropathic pain**
Side effects: sedation, wt gain
Expensive

51
Q

Multi-Modal Pain Management

A

The use of multiple pharmacological agents simultaneously for pain management.

52
Q

Why use Multi-Modal Pain Management

A

Can reduce the amount of medications necessary to relieve pain.
Can minimize side-effects.
Using pre-surgical, surgical, and post-surgical techniques allows for better control of pain.

53
Q

4 clinical signs of inflamation

A 
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
 Loss of function
54
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)
Used in humans and animals as adjuncts to other analgesics (especially opioids) for chronic pain
Inhibit serotonin & norepinephrine reuptake, though they may have other analgesic effects
Actions at opioid receptors & on nerve transmission?
Side effects: sedation, anticholinergic effects

55
Q

Amantidine

A

Oral NMDA receptor antagonist (caps or liquid)

Used to Tx Parkinson’s in humans

Pharmacology Vet Tech (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions