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Pharmacology Vet Tech > Wk 4 > Flashcards

Wk 4 Flashcards

1
Q

arachidonic acid cascade

A

Chemicals are released during cell damage; prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, cytokines, etc

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2
Q

Proud flesh

A

Occurs in horses

An over production of granulation tissue- secondary healing can’t occur

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3
Q

Cyclooxygenase

A

an enzyme in the inflammatory cascade

makes prostaglandins

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4
Q

COX-1

A

maintains physiologic functions like renal blood flow, normal platelet aggregation, and the synthesis of the gastric mucosa (“good” prostaglandins)

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5
Q

COX-2

A

stimulates formation of prostaglandins which mediate inflammation (“bad” prostaglandins)
*can also play a role in ulcer healing and maintenance of renal blood flow during stress

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6
Q

Fever

A

an increase in the body temperature above normal

Destruction of invading viruses or bacteria by heat inactivation; or by
Facilitating biochemical reactions in the body

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7
Q

Pyrogen

A

Something that induces a fever

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8
Q

Exogenous

A

pyrogens come from outside the body, such as viruses and bacteria

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9
Q

Endogenous

A

pyrogens come from inside the body and are usually chemical mediators such as prostaglandins

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10
Q

NSAID

A

Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

inhibiting cyclooxygenase at the cellular level.

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11
Q

Adverse Effects of NSAIDs

A 
GI ulceration and bleeding
They interfere with the normal mucus coating of the stomach
Nephrotoxicity
Bone marrow suppression
Bleeding tendencies
Hepatotoxicity
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12
Q

Contraindications/Precautions of NSAIDS

A

DO NOT use concurrently with steroids or other non-steroidals
Increased chance of GI ulcers

Use with caution in animals with hypoproteinemia
Once to twice yearly blood panels are recommended to monitor liver & kidney functions when giving long-term

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13
Q

What bleeding disorder should not receive NSAID?

A

von Willebrand’s disease

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14
Q

Aspirin

A

Acetylsalicylic Acid

Used for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyrexia, and anti-platelet effects
Decreased platelet aggregation (blood thinner)

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15
Q

What is Asprin used for in animals?

A

Mild to moderate pain associated with osteoarthritis
Pulmonary artery disease secondary to heartworm infestation
Anti-platelet effects help less thrombi form)
Cardiomyopathy in cats

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16
Q

Is Asprin safe for cats?

A

No, only used when absolutely necessary
Cats do not metabolize aspirin very well or very quickly & toxicity is very possible
5mg PO per cat every 3 days

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17
Q

Phenylbutazone

A

Bute, Butazolidin®

horses but is also approved for dogs

analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties

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18
Q

Is Phenylbutazone safe for cattle?

A

No, only used when absolutely necessary

cattle, one dose requires a 30 day withdrawal time

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19
Q

Flunixin Meglumine

A

Banamine
horses but is approved for use in cattle and has been used off-label in dogs for parvovirus

Analgesic: pain from musculoskeletal disorders and very good analgesic for visceral pain (colic)
Anti-inflammatory: in endotoxemia and musculoskeletal issues
Anti-pyrexia: in endotoxemia and bovine respiratory disease, calf diarrheas

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20
Q

Can Banamine be used in febrile dogs?

A

Extreme care must be taken if used in febrile dogs; Banamine is very potent and takes the temperature down rapidly –sometimes too rapidly- which can be life threatening

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21
Q

Melena

A

Bloody poop

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22
Q

Carprofen

A

Rimadyl®

anti-inflammatory and analgesic but it does exhibit some effects on fever

In the US, approved for use only in dogs

Safer on the GI system than aspirin but GI signs may still occur; animal must be monitored for vomiting, diarrhea, melena

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23
Q

Etodolac

A

Etogesic®

more selective for inhibition of Cox-2 than Cox-1

used for the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs

not safe in dogs under 12 months of age

cause irreversible KCS in some dogs

24
Q

KCS

25
Meloxicam
Metacam® Cox-2 preferential NSAID Fewer side effects than other NSAIDs GI effects are still possible but only occur occasionally and are usually transient Renal toxicity is low Unknown if Meloxicam causes hepatotoxicity like the other NSAIDs Used for analgesia and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis as well as for post-op pain In cats and small dogs, to prevent overdosing the Meloxicam should be placed on the food rather than directly into the mouth (dosing is by the drop)
26
Is Meloxicam safe for cats?
Has become common to use off-label in cats, too, but with CAUTION! More susceptible to renal effects
27
Deracoxib
Deramaxx® Predominantly inhibits Cox-2 and spares Cox-1 For the treatment of post-op pain For the pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs
28
Tepoxalin
Zubrin® A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase so it blocks both arms of the arachidonic acid cascade. Blocking LOX means a reduction in leukotrienes which contribute to inflammatory responses in joints and the GI tract incoordination, incontinence, polyphagia, flatulence, hair loss, & trembling
29
Firocoxib
Previcox® Inhibits COX-2 while sparing COX-1 Used to treat the pain and inflammation associated with canine osteoarthritis
30
Robenacoxib
Onsior COX-2 selective NSAID for CATS Alleviate post-op pain weighing at least 5.5# and at least 6 mos of age for up to a max of 3 days
31
Grapiprant
Galliprant® Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor antagonist Non cyclooxygenase inhibiting NSAID pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, decreasing albumin and total protein
32
Is Ibuprofen safe for dogs and cats?
NO NO NO
33
Is Acetaminophen safe in cats?
NEVER, NEVER, NEVER in cats
34
Is Acetaminophen safe in dogs?
At very low dose, yes. | Can cause Methemoglobinemia
35
DMSO
dimethyl sulfoxide free-radical scavenger (antioxidant) that has anti-inflammatory & analgesic effects penetrates the skin; it serves as a carrier agent in promoting skin absorption of drugs and toxins; drugs which would not normally be absorbed topically will be if added to DMSO used in head trauma & edema, post GI surgery, ischemic conditions
36
Adequan
PSGAG = polysulfated glycosaminoglycan PSGAG reduces inflammation by reducing prostaglandins released in joint injury Increases hyaluronate in the joint thereby increasing synovial fluid viscosity
37
Glucocorticoids
Corticosteroids Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s Disease) Allergies Asthma Autoimmune disorders (thrombocytopenia, AIHA) Neoplasia Increased CSF pressure Shock/toxemia Steroid use is rarely a cure but a treatment for the symptoms of a disease
38
Contraindications/Precautions | Glucocorticoids
systemic fungal, viral & bacterial infections Systemic steroids need to be tapered-off slowly. Stopping the systemic steroids suddenly may cause the animal to crash into an Addisonian crisis, a potentially life-threatening situation
39
Adverse Effects/Warnings | Glucocorticoids
PU/PD, polyphagia, panting, weight gain, dull haircoat, elevated liver enzymes, GI ulcers, DM, behavioral changes (depression/lethargy or aggression), redistribution of body fat
40
Glucocorticoids Dose
Depends on their use anti-inflammatory vs. immunosuppressive disease being treated
41
Prednisone/Prednisolone
Prednisone is a prodrug Prednisone is biotransformed by liver enzymes into it’s active metabolite drug form, prednisolone. cats are not efficient at the conversion and do better on prednisolone.
42
Local Anesthetics are used
Topically: skin eye Infiltration; SQ IM, line block IV: The Bier Block of the distal extremity Regional: Epidurals nerve blocks The calculated dose is for the entire animal
43
What is sometimes used to cause vasoconstriction?
epinephrine
44
Why would you want vasoconstriction when using local anesthetics.
Less perfusion  less absorption of the local agent  prolonged effect of the agent in the area Less bleeding
45
used for ophthalmic procedures
Proparacaine
46
Proparacaine Properties
Primarily anesthetizes the cornea Anesthesia is short, 5-10 minutes Refrigerate Protect from light
47
Lidocaine Properties
Immediate onset of action and short duration of effect (60-120 minutes) 78% of the administered dose reaches the general circulation Lidocaine BURNS when first injected d/t low pH Can mix 1:10 w/ sodium bicarbonate to neutralize it Supplied: 1%, 2%** Typical dose is 1-2 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine for local anesthesia
48
Bupivacaine Properties
Marcaine A long-acting agent that is about 4 times more potent than lidocaine The onset of action is 20 minutes and the duration of action is 4-6 hours Most commonly used for regional and epidural nerve blocks CNS and cardiac toxicity result from lower doses and blood levels than those reported for lidocaine Therefore, ASPIRATE! Not used in Bier blocks!
49
Tramadol
Schedule IV controlled drug Dual action: Mu agonist (though not an opioid) & monoamine reuptake inhibitor (serotonin & norepi) Can be used w/ NSAIDs or mu agonists (multimodal) Side effects (rare): GI upset, sedation; tastes bad (bitter) More recent studies suggest that it has no effect on osteoarthritis in dogs
50
Neurontin
Gabapentin Anticonvulsant medication with purported adjunctive analgesic action MOA is unclear Used for many forms of chronic pain, though its best application may be for neuropathic pain**** Side effects: sedation, wt gain Expensive
51
Multi-Modal Pain Management
The use of multiple pharmacological agents simultaneously for pain management.
52
Why use Multi-Modal Pain Management
Can reduce the amount of medications necessary to relieve pain. Can minimize side-effects. Using pre-surgical, surgical, and post-surgical techniques allows for better control of pain.
53
4 clinical signs of inflamation
``` Redness Heat Swelling Pain Loss of function ```
54
Amitriptyline
Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) Used in humans and animals as adjuncts to other analgesics (especially opioids) for chronic pain Inhibit serotonin & norepinephrine reuptake, though they may have other analgesic effects Actions at opioid receptors & on nerve transmission? Side effects: sedation, anticholinergic effects
55
Amantidine
Oral NMDA receptor antagonist (caps or liquid) | Used to Tx Parkinson’s in humans

Pharmacology Vet Tech (4 decks)

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