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PL4229 > Wk 3 - CT > Flashcards

Wk 3 - CT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the key assumption of cognitive therapy?

A

Reality is constructed by the self. All experiences are mediated by our perceptions. How we see a situation will make that situation a reality.
Focus on how Thoughts -> Feelings

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2
Q

What are some of the proposed strengths of CBT?

A

1) scientific in approach; empirical

2) practical and problem-focused

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3
Q

What is considered as health and dysfunction is cognitive therapy?

A

Functional vs Dysfunctional Thinking Patterns

  • Validity (is it valid?)
  • Utility (is it useful?)

Health

  • functional thinking patterns
  • use less primal mode processing but more constructive mode of processing
  • accurate view of oneself and the world
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4
Q

How do core beliefs become established in your life?

A

Early experiences shape our schemas, and these schemas are maintained because they are self-fulfilling. We do things and react in ways that confirm our expectations. This maintains our core beliefs, and feelings associated with the core beliefs.

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5
Q

Thoughts are processed at 3 levels. What are they?

A

Automatic/Preconscious: related to survival
Conscious: usual thinking
Metacognitive: thoughts about thoughts

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6
Q

Briefly Describe the Cognitive Model.

A

Early Relevant History –> Core Beliefs –> Intermediate Beliefs/Assumptions/Rules –> Triggering Event –> Maintaining Cycle (automatic thoughts, behaviors, emotions, physiology)

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7
Q

Describe Core beliefs.

A
  • stems from early history
  • most difficult to change (hence shouldn’t start here)
  • refer to content of beliefs inside your schema.
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8
Q

Describe intermediate beliefs/assumptions/rules

A

Rules put in place in order not to reveal your ‘core belief’ to the world. These assumptions emerge as a response to cope with negative core beliefs.

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9
Q

How should we dertmine if automatic thoughts are adaptive or not?

A

Validity and Utility
isit valid
isit useful

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10
Q

What does the hot cross bun formulation show us?

A

shows us how our automatic thoughts are linked to our emotions, physiology and behavior. which works in a vicious cycle to reinforce our automatic thoughts.

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11
Q

How do we evaluate a validity of a thought?

A

1) content accuracy - are these thoughts about the situation, others, or the self objective?
2) prediction accuracy - do these thoughts have reasonable conclusions?

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12
Q

How do we evaluate the utility of a thought?

A

Is it useful.
Does this thought lead to dysfunctional, extreme responses?
Does this thought affect your motivation for functional responses?

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13
Q

Name the 10 different types of cognitive distortions.

A

1) black and white thinking/all or nothing
2) overgeneralizing
3) mental filter
4) disqualifying the positives
5) emotional reasoning
6) should/must
7) labelling
8) personalisation
9) jumping to conclusions
10) magnification/ catastrophizing

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14
Q

What is overgeneralising?

A

Making a broad conclusion just based on a single event.

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15
Q

What is mental filter?

A

Only paying attention to certain types of evidence

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16
Q

What is disqualifying the positives?

A

discounting the good things that has happened

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17
Q

What is emotional reasoning?

A

Assuming that because we feel a certain way, what we think must be true

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18
Q

What is personalisation?

A

Blaming yourself or taking responsibility for something that wasn’t completely your fault.

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of jumping into conclusions?

A

mind reading - imagining we know what others are thinking

fortune telling - predicting the future

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20
Q

What are typical cognitive distortions for individuals with depression? Cognitive Triad

A

Self - lack of self-worth, negative, global, personalized meaning to events
World - rejection from others
Future - sense of hopelessness

21
Q

What are some gambling-related cognitive distortions?

A

1) interpretive control - past wins are due to my ability, past losses are due to uncontrollable circumstances
2) illusion of control - I possess the knowledge, skill, or luck necessary to alter fortuity in gambling games
3) predictive control - belief about randomness and a personal ability to forecast wins
4) gambling -related expectancies - that pleasure can be derived from gambling

22
Q

What would a systemic therapist say to a cognitive therapist?

A
  • too much blame on the client

- you are ignoring how beliefs are culturally embedded. you are pathologizing what may be culturally appropriate.

23
Q

What should we do in the initial stages of Cognitive Therapy?

A

1) Build Rapport
2) Set Therapy Goals
3) Socialize client to the model (psychoeducation)
- explain to clients why we are so interested in thoughts.
- explain the model. thoughts are related to emotions, behaviors, physiology
- every box in the diagram becomes a target for therapy

24
Q

What are the 3 intervention phases found in CBT?

A

1) Behavioral work (especially behavioral activation for depression)
2) Target Automatic Thoughts
3) Move on to Intermediate and then core beliefs

25
Q

What is the general structure of a CBT session?

A

1) Mood Check; Catch Up
2) Review homework
- thought records
- behavioral experiments
3) Set Agenda (123)
- Agenda items usually targeting one of the boxes

26
Q

Describe the 7 columns in a thought record.

A

1) Situation/Trigger
2) Emotions/Body Sensations (Rate 0-100)
3) Unhelpful Thoughts
4) Facts that Support the Thought
5) Facts that DO NOT Support the unhelpful thought
6) Alternative, more realistic, balanced perspective
7) Outcome (re-rate emotion)

27
Q

How should you identify underlying automatic thoughts?

A

The thought must be able to explain why the client is feeling so anxious. Cannot be ‘too low’ on the hierarchy. Ask ‘what’s the meaning of that for you?’
Should be something that have implications for the self
eg. ‘people will think I am aggressive’, ‘people will think I am a failure’

28
Q

What is Socratic questioning mainly used for?

A

Used for cognitive change. Examining distorted thoughts and beliefs and modifying them

29
Q

Name some Socratic questioning questions.

A
  • What is the evidence for and against it?
  • Could these thoughts be based on your feelings?
  • Is the thought black and white? or is reality more complicated?
  • Might other people see this differently?
  • Might these thought be exaggerated?
30
Q

During socratic questioning, what are some good things that you can do as a therapist? (5)

A

1) offer counterevidence, especially evidence that is not as salient
2) can try acting blur to offer a curious perspective. non-blaming stance
3) remember to validate the client’s emotions. once client is more calm, therapist goes back to cognitive restructuring.
4) therapist must keep firmly to agenda
5) take note of power dynamics

31
Q

What is the technique downward arrowing used for?

A

For discovering core beliefs. Moving up from automatic thoughts to core beliefs.

32
Q

What are some questions you can ask in downward arrowing?

A
  • why do you think this upsets you so much?
  • what is the worst part about it?
  • what does that say about you as a person?
  • what does this mean to you
33
Q

What are the 3 key types of core beliefs?

A
  • self: ‘I am …’
  • others: ‘They are …’
  • the world: ‘the world is’
34
Q

Describe what behavioral experiments are for and how to do it.

A

Behavioral experiments are about testing a thought in order to challenge its validity. Clients will be asked to predict outcomes in a situation, and experiment facing the situation, and determine if their initial beliefs were rational or not. Behavioral experiments are meant to strengthen alternative more adaptive thoughts through experiential learning so that the thought is understood on an emotional level. With the new experience and new knowledge acquired, thoughts and emotions will adjust to something more adaptive.

35
Q

What are the 5 columns on a behavioral experiment record sheet?

A

1) Target Cognition
2) Experiment
3) Predictions
4) Outcome
5) What I learned

36
Q

What are some kinds of behavioral experiments you can try?

A
  • facing a situation you will otherwise avoid
  • dropping precautions
  • behaving in a new way
  • surveying family members
37
Q

What are 2 advantages of CBT?

A

1) technique for cognitive change is very focused; methodological; structured
2) short-term
3) present focused intervention

38
Q

What is a disadvantage of CBT?

A

1) better for clients who are more reflective. less helpful for clients who are unable or unwilling to work with thoughts (eg. learning disabilities)

39
Q

What are some characteristics of automatic thoughts?

A
  • usually quite brief and spontaneous, clients more aware of the EMOTION they feel as a result of thoughts rather than the thoughts themselves
  • people usually accept their automatic thoughts as true without much reflection and evaluation
  • can be evaluated according to their validity and utility
  • may be in verbal or visual form
40
Q

Each schema we hold is based on ____ _____ about the world. If we hold faulty ___ ___ about something, we are going to activate faulty schemas that affect ______.

A
  • core beliefs

- behavior

41
Q

What are core beliefs?

A
  • basic beliefs that tend to be overgeneralised and absolute
  • usually self-referent
  • hardest to modify
42
Q

What are intermediate beliefs?

A
  • assumptions and rules

- “should” and “must” beliefs, as well as conditional beliefs (eg. if i dont ___, then i am____)

43
Q

What are the 3 major mode categories?

A

1) primal (threat, loss, victim, self-enhancement)
2) constructive (serve to increase life resources available to the individual. eg. capacity for intimacy, personal mastery, independence)
3) minor

44
Q

What are the 3 negative core self-beliefs?

A

helplessness, unlovability, worthlessnesss

45
Q

Do cognitive techniques ask clients to think positively?

A

NO. its not about thinking positively but to think more ‘realistically’

46
Q

Describe activity scheduling? (used in depression)

A

When clients have low motivation (eg. depression), it is helpful to create a daily schedule to follow between therapy sessions. Establish baseline with a record of daily activities first. After reviewing the data, the client and counselor can work together to fill in the blocks of an activity chart (timetable format). Client will rate daily activities on a scale of 1-10 for mastery and pleasure.

47
Q

When clients are having difficulty identifying their Automatic Thoughts, what can the counselor do?

A

Imagery/Role playing to vividly conjure up the problem situation. this will likely evoke the emotions associated with the problem situation. they should also help clients identify cognition associated with the feelings.

48
Q

What are some cultural advantages of CT?

A

1) structure and clarity may appeal to minority clients (Eg. chinese cultures).
2) emphasis on individual control
3) collaborative nature of CT relationship promotes egalitarianism

49
Q

What are some cultural disadvantages of CT?

A

this intervention would not immunize the client from social pressures (eg. cultural pressures, prejudice, and discrimination). can be quite blaming.

PL4229 (9 decks)

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