WK 2- INFLAMMATION

Question 1

What is the role of inflammation

Answer 1

-is a protective response involving host cells, blood vessels, proteins and other mediators that aims to eliminate the cause and also necrotic cells

Question 2

What triggers inflammation

Answer 2

infection or tissue damage, trauma, foreign bodies or necrosis

Question 3

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 3

Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain, Loss of Function

Question 4

What vascular responses are involved in acute inflammation and how do these contribute to the 5 cardinal signs

Answer 4

• vasodilation is triggered by histamine-> causes increase in blood flow to capillary beds-> causes redness and warmth
• increased vascular permeability is triggered by leukotrienes and histamine-> causes movement of plasma proteins-> causes swelling

Question 5

What causes the pain associated with inflammation

Answer 5

production of prostaglandins and bradykinin by inflammatory cells such as mast cells and leukotrienes

Question 6

What is exudate

Answer 6

high protein content and fluid containing plasma, WBC and RBC- occurs due to vasodilation and stasis in inflammation

Question 7

What is transudate

Answer 7

fluid leaking from the vessel due to decreased plasma proteins, high hydrostatic and low colloidal osmotic pressure eg. congestive heart failure

Question 8

What are the 4 steps of leukocyte recruitment

Answer 8

1. Margination and rolling along endothelial wall
2. Adhesion to endothelium (integrin binds to ICAM)
3. Transmigration across endothelial wall via diapedesis
4. Chemotaxis to site of infection via chemokines/cytokines

Question 9

What are the 3 steps in phagocytosis

Answer 9

1. Recognition and attachment of the pathogen to the leukocyte
2. Engulfment and formation of a phagocytic vacuole (opsonisation)- phagosome
3. Killing and degradation of ingested material (fusion of lysosome to phagosome- release ROS and H202)

Question 10

What are the 4 types of acute inflammation patterns

Answer 10

Serous, Fibrinous, Ulcer, Purulent

Question 11

What is an example of a serous inflammation, where is it found and what is it composed of

Answer 11

Eg. Sun blister

• Found lining the pericardium, pleural cavities, and peritoneum
• exudate contains protein poor fluid and mesothelial cells

Question 12

What is an example of a fibrinous inflammation, where is it found and what is it composed of

Answer 12

eg. pericarditis
- found lining body cavities
- trauma and infections cause vascular permeability changes that allow for large molecules (fibrin) to cross the endothelial barrier
- exudate is composed of serum, fibrin and WBC

Question 13

What is an example of a purulent inflammation, where is it found and what is it composed of

Answer 13

eg. bronchopneumonia
- induced by infectious organisms
- tissue that has become infected by primary microorganism, or by secondary infections through necrotic tissue
- comprises of neutrophils, necrotic cells and fluid- centre is full of pus and necrotic tissue, surrounding layer contains blood vessels and fibroblast proliferation

Question 14

What is an example of a ulcerative inflammation, where is it found and what is it composed of

Answer 14

• found lining organs/tissues

- local excavation of surface due to necrosis of the cells