wk 10- immunological

Question 1

immune system functions

Answer 1

recognises and destroys
- non self cells/ molecules
- abnormal cells that may have originated as self

first line defense: skin, mucosa of GIT, cornea, respiratory system etc (protective barrier)

second line defense: immune response
innate and adaptive

Question 2

antigen

Answer 2

anything that triggers an immune response

Question 3

immune system components

Answer 3

cellular
- Polymorphonuclear
-Phagocytic cells
-Natural killer cells
-antigen presenting cells
-mast cells
-basophils
-eosiophils

non cellular
-antibodies
-complement C
-acute phase proteins
-interferons

Question 4

what do PMN cells do (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Answer 4

phagocytic - destroy microbes
short lived cells seen in acute inflammation

Question 5

what do phagocyctic cells do

Answer 5

-macrophages, neutrophils
engulf microbes
antigen presenting
long lived cells in chronic inflammation

Question 6

what is phagocytosis

Answer 6

engulfing antigen by
1. recognition of non specific part of antigen surface
2. recognition of antibody/complement bound to antigen (acquired immunity)

Question 7

opsonisation

Answer 7

opsonins are molecule that allow phagocytosis to occur by coating antigens for destruction (C and antibodies)

Question 8

natural killer cells

Answer 8

target virus infected cells/tumour cells
release interferon which protects non infected cells

Question 9

antigen presenting cells

Answer 9

dendritic cells

connect innate immunity (non specific) with adaptive immunity (acquired) by presenting fragment of ingested antigen on surface to T cells

Question 10

mast cells and basophils

Answer 10

trigger cytokines and inflammatory mediators and cause type 1 hypersensitivity reactions that occur with atopic allergy

Question 11

eosinophils

Answer 11

phagocytose and granulocytes

Question 12

acquired immunity (specific)

Answer 12

requires prior exposure to antigen
has memory and specificity to allergen

facilitated by 2 types of leucocytes
B lymphocytes (humoral immunity) and T lymphocytes (cell mediated immunity)

Question 13

humoral immunity

Answer 13

B cells bind with antigen, activated by a helper T cell, produces and plasma and memory cell to which the plasma cell produces an antibody for antigen.
if the same antigen invades, the memory cell helps activate faster removal

Question 14

cell mediated immunity

Answer 14

T cells dont produce antibody like B cells do but they recognise antigens by a surface receptors

Question 15

HIV/AIDS

Answer 15

secondary immunodeficiency disorder

HIV targets T cells which leads to AIDs (diagnosed when: T cell count below 200 or 1 or more opportunisitic infections or cancer)

transmission:
unprotexted sex
blood fusions/needles
mother to child/breastfeeding

Question 16

treatment of AIDs

Answer 16

antiretroviral therapy

-doesnt cure but manages T cell count and immune function

it is possible for people with HIV to live a normal lifespan ( not immunodeficiency until its AIDS)

Question 17

primary/secondary immunodeifficency disorders

Answer 17

body fails to adequately provide immune response

seoondary
causes:
1. systemic disorders (diabetes, HIv)
2. immunosuppresive treatments (radiation, corticosteroids)
3. severe illness (infections/burns)
4. chronic illness

Question 18

if you think youve been exposed to HIV

Answer 18

get tested 6, 12 weeks and 6 months after exposure

get a blood count and renal/hepatic function tests 2 weeks after

and post exposure prophylaxis

Question 19

autoimmune disorders

Answer 19

body incorrectly recognises own tissues as antigen and attacks self

rheumatoid athritis
hashimotos thyroiditis disease
graves disease
Systemic Lupus Erythamtous
Psoriasis
Guillian-Barre syndrome

Question 20

hypersensitivity disorders

Answer 20

immune system provides an over response or inappropriate response to antigen

4 types
type 1- IgE (immediate)
type 2- antibody-coated
type 3- immune complex
type 4- T cell mediated (delayed)

Question 21

type 1 hypersensitivity disorders

Answer 21

urticaria- hives

atopic diseases:
asthma
atopic dermatitis
systemic anaphylaxis
allergic rhinitis
conjunctivits

Question 22

type 2 hypersensivitiy disorders

Answer 22

results when antibody binds to self structures

examples:
coomb’s positive haemolytic anaemias
hashiomotos thyroiditis

Question 23

type 3 hypersensitivity disorders

Answer 23

immune complex mediated

examples
RA
serum sickness
acute glomerulonephritis

Question 24

type 4 hypersensitvity disorders

Answer 24

t cell mediated -delayed

contact dermatitis
drug/ hypersensitivty/allergy

Question 25

when to refer

Answer 25

anaphylaxis

Question 26

hayfever

Answer 26

allergic rhinoconjunctivits

common causes
dust mite
pollens
animals

Question 27

food allergy treatment

Answer 27

epipen
avoidance

not an intolerance, it results in hives, swelling and anaphylaxis

Question 28

anaphylaxis

Answer 28

SEVERE life threatening type 1 hypersensitivity

symptoms
hives
itching
swelling
wheezing
shortness of breath
nausea
vomiting
cramping
redness