WK 1 - Neurobiology

Question 1

identify imaging techniques used in neurobiology

Answer 1

Structural = Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
                     Computed tomography (CT)
Functional = positron emission tomography (PET)
                     single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
                     Functional MRI (fMRI)

Question 2

2 Excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 2

Dopamine

Glutamine

Question 3

identify nursing interventions and patient actions that may lead to changes in brain activity

Answer 3

Social Connections: give community resources
New Learning
Healthy Diet
Sleep Hygiene
Exercise
Healthy anxiety
Meditation
Gratitude
ANT Killing to combat cognitive distortions

Question 4

3 Other neurotransmitters

Answer 4

Acetylcholine
Histamine
Norephinephrine

Question 5

6 major brain functions

Answer 5

Maintenance of homeostasis
/
Regulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hormones
/
Control of biological drives and behavior
\+Cycle of sleep and wakefulness
\+Circadian rhythms
/
Conscious mental activity
/
Memory
/
Social skills

Question 6

6 major brain functions

Answer 6

Maintenance of homeostasis
/
Regulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hormones
/
Control of biological drives and behavior
\+Cycle of sleep and wakefulness
\+Circadian rhythms
/
Conscious mental activity
/
Memory
/
Social skills

Question 7

Amygdala

Answer 7

is the emotional center in the brain. It processes emotions; anxiety, fear and pleasure. Damage has resulted in rage in animals. (amygdala and sounds: fight or flight; fingernails on board). Plays a role in anxiety and OCD. It alerts the presence of danger and brings about fear and anxiety to preserve the system.

Question 8

Neuroplasticity

Answer 8

ability of the brain to change with learning

Question 9

Synaptic Pruning

Answer 9

process that removes unnecessary/ damaged neuronal structures

Question 10

Areas controlled by the Parietal Lobe

Answer 10

Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling

Question 11

damage of Parietal Lobe can result in

Answer 11

Problems with reading, naming objects, drawing, & math.

Difficulty in distinguishing left from right.

Lack of awareness of certain body parts and/or surrounding space.

Apraxia: difficulty controlling fine and gross motor movement

Question 12

damage of Parietal Lobe can result in

Answer 12

Problems with reading, naming objects, drawing, & math.

Difficulty in distinguishing left from right.

Lack of awareness of certain body parts and/or surrounding space.

Apraxia: difficulty controlling fine and gross motor movement

Question 13

Areas controlled by Temporal Lobe

Answer 13

Memory, understanding, auditory, language

Question 14

damage of Temporal Lobe

Answer 14

Prosopagnosia: Difficulty in recognizing faces

Wernicke’s Aphasia: Difficulty in understanding spoken words

Difficulty with identification of, and verbalization about objects.

Short term memory and long-term memory loss.

Manic symptoms such as: Increased or decreased interest in sexual behavior, persistent talking.

Increased aggressive behavior.

Question 15

damage of Temporal Lobe

Answer 15

Prosopagnosia: Difficulty in recognizing faces

Wernicke’s Aphasia: Difficulty in understanding spoken words

Difficulty with identification of, and verbalization about objects.

Short term memory and long-term memory loss.

Manic symptoms such as: Increased or decreased interest in sexual behavior, persistent talking.

Increased aggressive behavior.

Question 16

damage of occipital lobes

Answer 16

Defects in vision (Visual Field Cuts).

Production of hallucinations.

Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects (See a person in the corner instead of a coat tree)

Word blindness - inability to recognize words.

Difficulty in recognizing drawn objects.

Inability to recognize the movement of object (Movement Agnosia).

Question 17

damage of occipital lobes

Answer 17

Defects in vision (Visual Field Cuts).

Production of hallucinations.

Visual illusions - inaccurately seeing objects (See a person in the corner instead of a coat tree)

Word blindness - inability to recognize words.

Difficulty in recognizing drawn objects.

Inability to recognize the movement of object (Movement Agnosia).

Question 18

Corpus Callosum

Answer 18

relays info between the two cerebral hemispheres

Question 19

if left (logical) brain is dominant =

Answer 19

less ability to feel emotion

Question 20

right (emotional ) brain dominant =

Answer 20

difficult to control emotions and problem-solve; loss of object constancy

Question 21

right (emotional ) brain dominant =

Answer 21

difficult to control emotions and problem-solve; loss of object constancy

Question 22

Hippocampus

Answer 22

memory, and controls the endocrine and immune systems

Question 23

basal ganglia

Answer 23

coordinates and aids in moving skeletal muscles

Question 24

serotonin

Answer 24

inhibitory

modulates mood, emotion, sleep, pain and appetite as related to mood, temperature regulation; some cognitive function

(decreased in depressive & anxiety disorders)

Question 25

dopamine

Answer 25

excitatory

pleasurable feelings, complex motor activities, plays a role in hallucinations

(decreased in depression & addiction)

(increased in mania and positive symptoms in schizophrenia)

Question 26

Norepinephrine

Answer 26

level in the brain affects mood, attention, and arousal. Stimulates sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system for the fight or flight stress response.

Decreased in depression.

Increased in mania, anxiety, and schizophrenia)

Question 27

GABA

Answer 27

inhibitory

helps the neurons recover after transmission, reduces anxiety and stress. It regulates norepinephrine, adrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, it is a significant mood modulator. Many sedative hypnotic medications affect GABA receptors for a depressant
effect.

(Decreased in anxiety, mania, and schizophrenia)

Plays a role in inhibition; reduces aggression, excitation, and anxiety.

So you want to increase GABA to decrease anxiety.

Question 28

Glutamate

Answer 28

excitatory

Excess glutamate can overstimulate the brain and causes seizures. Excessive glutamate release can lead to excitotoxicity causing cell death.

decreased in psychosis, autism, OCD, depression, and schizophrenia

Question 29

Acetylcholine

Answer 29

Plays a role in learning, memory. Regulates mood: mania, sexual aggression, and the sleep/wake cycle

(decreased in Alzheimer’s and sleep disorders.

Increased in depression).