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A&P > Winter Test 2 > Flashcards

Winter Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower limbs

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2
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs

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3
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body only

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4
Q

conduction of the spinal cord

A

bundles of fibers passing information up and down spinal cord, connecting different levels of the trunk with each other and with the brain

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5
Q

locomotion of the spinal cord

A

central pattern generators are pools of neurons providing control of flexors and extensors that cause alternating movements of the lower limbs

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6
Q

reflexes of the spinal cord

A

involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli

involves brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

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7
Q

spinal cord

A

cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the foramen magnum of the skull
passes through the vertebral canal
31 pair of spinal nerves

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8
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

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9
Q

gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies with little myelin

site of information processing – synaptic integration

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10
Q

white matter

A

abundantly myelinated axons

carry signals from one part of the CNS to another

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11
Q

sensory signals travel across three neurons

A

from origin in receptors to the destination in the sensory areas of the brain

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12
Q

first order neurons

A

detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

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13
Q

second order neurons

A

continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

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14
Q

third order neurons

A

carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

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15
Q

anterior ramus

A

innervates the anterior and lateral skin and muscles of the trunk
gives rise to nerves of the limbs

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16
Q

posterior ramus

A

innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and the skin of the back

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17
Q

meningeal branch

A

reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae and spinal ligaments

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18
Q

(reflexes) integrating center

A

a point of synaptic contact between neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem
determines whether the efferent neurons issue a signal to the muscles

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19
Q

flexor reflex

A

the quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus

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20
Q

polysynaptic reflex arc

A

pathway in which signals travel over many synapses on their way back to the muscle

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21
Q

crossed extension reflex

A

the contraction of extensor muscles in the limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn
maintains balance by extending other leg

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22
Q

intersegmental reflex

A

one in which the input and output occur at different levels (segments) of the spinal cord

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23
Q

cerebrum

A

83% of brain volume; cerebral hemispheres, gyri and sulci, longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum

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24
Q

cerebrellum

A

contains 50% of the neurons; second largest brain region,
consists of right and left cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis
contains half of all brain neurons,
white matter branching pattern is called arbor vitae

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25
Q

brainstem

A

portion of the brain that remains if the cerebrum and cerebellum are removed; diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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26
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres

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27
Q

dura mater

A

outer periosteal – equivalent to periosteum of cranial bones

inner meningeal – continues into vertebral canal and forms dural sac around spinal cord

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28
Q

arachnoid mater

A

transparent membrane over brain surface
subarachnoid space separates it from pia mater below
subdural space separates it from dura mater above in some places

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29
Q

pia mater

A

very thin membrane that follows contours of brain, even dipping into sulci
not usually visible without a microscope

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30
Q

lateral ventricles

A

one in each cerebral hemisphere

interventricular foramen - a tiny pore that connects to third ventricle

31
Q

third ventricle

A

single narrow medial space beneath corpus callosum

cerebral aqueduct runs through midbrain and connects third to fourth ventricle

32
Q

fourth ventricle

A

small triangular chamber between pons and cerebellum

connects to central canal runs down through spinal cord

33
Q

ependyma

A

neuroglia that lines the ventricles and covers choroid plexus
produces cerebrospinal fluid

34
Q

CSF Circulation

A

CSF secreted in lateral ventricles flows through intervertebral foramina into third ventricle
then down the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
CSF is reabsorbed by arachnoid villi

35
Q

Functions of CSF

A

buoyancy, protection, and chemical stability

36
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protects blood capillaries throughout brain tissue

consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls

37
Q

blood-CSF barrier

A

protects the brain at the choroid plexus
form tight junctions between the ependymal cells
tight junctions are absent from ependymal cells elsewhere

38
Q

blood barrier system permeability

A

highly permeable to water, glucose, and lipid-soluble substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and anesthetics
slightly permeable to sodium, potassium, chloride, and the waste products urea and creatinine

39
Q

midbrain

A

contains cerebral aqueduct
contains continuations of the medial lemniscus and reticular formation
contains the motor nuclei of two cranial nerves that control eye movements – CN III (oculomotor) and CN IV (trochlear)

40
Q

tectum

A

roof-like part of the midbrain
four bulges, the corpora quadrigemina
upper pair, the superior colliculi function in visual attention, tracking moving objects, and some reflexes
lower pair, the inferior colliculi receives signals from the inner ear

41
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

two stalks that anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem anterior to the cerebral aqueduct

42
Q

tegmentum

A

dominated by the red nucleus

connections go to and from cerebellum

43
Q

substantia nigra

A

dark gray to black nucleus pigmented with melanin

motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus & basal nuclei preventing unwanted body movement

44
Q

cerebral crus

A

bundle of nerve fibers that connect the cerebrum to the pons

carries corticospinal tracts

45
Q

reticular formation

A

loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem

46
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

inferior peduncles – connected to medulla oblongata
most spinal input enters the cerebellum
middle peduncles – connected to the pons
most input from the rest of the brain enters
superior peduncles – connected to the midbrain
carries cerebellar output

47
Q

Cerebellar Functions

A

muscle contractions and motor coordination
evaluation of sensory input- comparing textures
timekeeping center
hearing
planning and scheduling tasks

48
Q

Damage to cerebellum

A

emotional overreactions and trouble with impulse control

49
Q

Forebrain

A

diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

50
Q

thalamus

A

plays key role in motor control involved in the memory and emotional functions of the limbic system

51
Q

hypothalamus

A

major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
plays essential roll in homeostatic regulation of all body systems

52
Q

functions of hypothalamic nuclei

A

hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation, food and water intake, rhythm of sleep and waking, memory, emotional behavior

53
Q

epithalamus

A

very small mass of tissue
pineal gland
habenula – relay from the limbic system to the midbrain

54
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor functions

motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression

55
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

receives and integrates general sensory information, taste and some visual processing

56
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

areas for hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion

57
Q

insula (functions)

A

(hidden by other regions)

understanding spoken language, taste and sensory information from visceral receptors

58
Q

projection tracts

A

extends vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers
carries information between cerebrum and rest of the body

59
Q

commissural tracts

A

cross from one cerebral hemisphere through bridges called commissures
most pass through corpus callosum
anterior and posterior commissures
enables the two sides of the cerebrum to communicate with each other

60
Q

association tracts

A

connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere
long association fibers – connect different lobes of a hemisphere
to each other
short association fibers – connect different gyri within a single lobe

61
Q

stellate cells

A

have spheroid somas with dendrites projecting in all directions
receive sensory input and process information on a local level

62
Q

pyramidal cells

A

tall, and conical, with apex toward the brain surface
a thick dendrite with many branches with small, knobby dendritic spines
include the output neurons of the cerebrum
only neurons that leave the cortex and connect with other parts of the CNS

63
Q

basal nuclei

A

masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus
receives input from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the motor areas of the cortex
send signals back to both these locations
involved in motor control

64
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

feel drowsy, close our eyes, begin to relax
often feel drifting sensation, easily awakened if stimulated
alpha waves dominate EEG

65
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

pass into light sleep
EEG declines in frequency but increases in amplitude
exhibits sleep spindles – high spikes resulting from interactions between neurons of the thalamus and cerebral cortex

66
Q

Stage 3 of sleep

A

moderate to deep sleep
about 20 minutes after stage 1
theta and delta waves appear
muscles relax and vital signs (body temperature, blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate) fall

67
Q

Stage 4 of sleep

A

called slow-wave-sleep (SWS) – EEG dominated by low-frequency, high amplitude delta waves
muscles now very relaxed, vital signs at their lowest, and we become more difficult to awaken

68
Q

denervation hypersensitivity

A

exaggerated response of cardiac and smooth muscle if autonomic nerves are severed

69
Q

visceral reflexes

A

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors and somewhat slower responses

70
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

thoracolumbar division
short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers
preganglionic neurosomas in lateral horns
lead to nearby sympathetic chain of ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)

71
Q

autonomic function of cerebral cortex

A

anger, fear, anxiety

72
Q

autonomic function of hypothalamus

A

major visceral motor control center

nuclei for primitive functions – hunger, thirst, sex

73
Q

autonomic fuction of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

nuclei for cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder control, and pupillary changes

74
Q

enteric nervous system

A

the nervous system of the digestive tract
does not arise from the brainstem or spinal cord
does innervate smooth muscle and glands

A&P (5 decks)

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