WILSON 1964-70 CHAPTER 7 Flashcards
society
THE EXPANSION OF THE MASS MEDIA
- TV became available everywhere started to create a uniformity of culture and rapidly supplanted the cinema as a means of entertainment.
- 1961 1971: % of the population that has a TV in their home goes up from
75% to 91%.
THE EXPANSION OF THE MASS MEDIA
- The newspapers and magazines that survived changed and grew stronger:
1964 and 1969 (think thwe Sun)
- 1964 – the Sun launched and replaced the serious working-class newspaper, the Daily Herald.
- 1969 – bought out by an Australian newspaper tycoon and was associated with the more permissive attitudes of the age popularity grew enormously.
THE EXPANSION OF THE MASS MEDIA
- When Hugh Greene became director of BBC he diverted money from radio to TV, revised guidelines on
what did he doo
swearing and nudity, commissioned more popular programmes and a new style of news presentation.
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
- Leisure time expanded as fewer people were expected to work on Saturday mornings and weekends.
- Home remained the centre and was expanded by TV by 1969 it accounted for
23% of leisure time.
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
- Live theatre
what happened?
shrank rapidly, and attendance of other live events (football matches) also suffered.
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
- Car ownership accelerated rapidly bus, coach, and train travel declined as
the use of cars grew to account for 77% of journeys by 1974.
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
- Shopping became a leisure activity on its own right as
mass production grew, fuelled by advertising.
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
Leisure travel turned into mass tourism as numbers of holidays increased:
1951 to 1971
1951 – 27 million total holidays
1971 – 41 million total holidays.
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
- Playwrights began experimenting with new styles of plays thar led to clashes with the office of the Lord Chamberlain (has the power to prevent plays being performed / makes changes to them) - new plays had to
gain a license before they were allowed to be performed & it could demand that material considered to be inappropriate / immoral to be removed. Theatre owners could be prosecuted if the play did not have approval.
GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES
1964 – Britannia airways founded to serve holidaymakers wishing to fly abroad
but this was only for
cost of travel meant these were largely for the middle classes
IMPACT OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS
1961
1969
space?
- 1961 – first person in space.
- 1969 – first person on the moon.
IMPACT OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS
Labour government made scientific development a key aim - there was progress despite economic problems and financial restraints:
2 things
- The Anglo-French partnership developed the supersonic Concorde aircraft.
- The post office tower opened in 1965 to improve telecommunications.
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
- Backbencher Strauss introduced a bill to
abolish theatrical censorship.
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
- Films remained subject to strict categorisation by the
British Board of Film Censors.
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
- With Jenkins’ support and the testimony of famous actor Laurance Oliver, the bill passed into law in 1968.
- This permitted
celebrated by
nudity on stage - celebrated by the cast of Hair, an American musical in production at the Shaftesbury theatre in London stood up and faced the audience naked for 30 seconds in 1968.
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
- 1960s saw a gradual broadening of what was acceptable films of the mid 60s grew more daring and by the end of the decade screen sex and violence became
more acceptable and explicit.
REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP
- TV was both affected by and helped to develop more liberal attitudes as the 60s progressed, issues of
sex, violence, politics, and religion, which had previously been banned r considered unsuitable for public broadcasting were tackled.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
- The belief that the duty of a woman was to be
a good wife and mother, keeping a clean home and feeding the children and husband remained, particularly among the working classes.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
- Second-wave feminism was started in the US when the Feminine Mystique, arguing women were published in 1963 this spread to Britain and led to the
the growth in female education, especially for the middle classes.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
- Few made it onto the top professions – women accounted for only
what %
28% of students in higher education and only 5% reached managerial posts.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
- There was no shortage of jobs for women but many of these were in the
service sector with poor pay.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
- At the lower end of the social scale, girls’ education still carried a domestic slant, and they
left school at the minimum age and got married young.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
- Some women wanted to work even when they had children, but working mothers were still painted as
unnatural and selfish by the media.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
- The NHS Family Planning Act of 1967 allowed local authorities to provide contraceptives and advice - however changing attitudes meant the number of illegitimate births rose from
1960 to 70 in %
5.8% (1960) to 8.2% (1970) and the number of marriages ending in divorce also rose.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
- The feminist movement was encouraged by the publication of articles and books exploring the position of women – a number of
what sprang up?
Women’s Lib groups sprang up around the UK to campaign for social and economic equality for women.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
- At the first National Women’s Liberation Convention at Ruskin College Oxford in February 1970, 4 demands were put forward:
- Equal pay
- Free contraception and abortion on request
- Equal educational and job opportunities
- Free 24-hour childcare
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
Some progress was made – 1970 Matrimonial Property Act established
the work of a wife should be considered in divorce settlements.
PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY
The 1970 Equal Pay act established the
principle of equal pay for equal work, although it didn’t come into force for a further 5 years.
However, the feminist movement did not really make much headway until 1970. Despite some breakthroughs, inequalities and discrimination still existed and the traditional stereotyping of roles remained strong - for women, the 1960s was a period
of evolution, not transformation.
CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
- The permissive society refers to a time of
general sexual liberation – changes in public and private morals and a new openness.
CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
- Critics used the term in a negative way, believing it was
a decline in conventional moral standards encouraged by the contraceptive pill, the mass media, and the liberal legislation.
CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
- By the end of the decease, rates of
think a type of disease..
STDs were on the rise, especially among the young.
CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
- The permissive society was seen in the spread of drug culture – cocaine and heroin addiction became
10 times more prevalent at the start of the decade and the use of soft drugs rose by the end of the decade.
CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
- The hippie lifestyle promoted drug culture and even the Beatles turned to
LSD.
CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
- The Dangerous Drug Act (1967) made it unlawful to possess
drugs such as cannabis and cocaine.
CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
- The Wootton report (1968) suggested legalising soft drugs like cannabis but was rejected by Home Secretary,
WHO
James Callaghan (who was much less liberal than Jenkins) who ‘wanted to call a halt to the rising tide of permissiveness’.
CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
- Surveys found that liberal permissiveness influencing attitudes and behaviour in the 60s was exaggerated
how?
most young people were virgins or married or their first and only sexual partner.
CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY
- A mixture of ignorance and social constraints remained and while liberal legislation opened the way to change, it only represented
an inroad into the old religious and moral restraints.
YOUTH CULTURE
- Increased living standards, spread of education and the growth of leisure time helped create a
youth generation that was more ready to question norm and assert its right to choose.
YOUTH CULTURE
- Young people clashed with their parents over fashion, musical tastes, and moral standards – there was greater questioning of previous norms around sex and drugs caused concern to the older generation.
what were the problems
- Alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine were used more than illegal drugs and according to a 1969 survey, young people spend most of their times listening to music in their bedrooms than going to rock festivals.
YOUTH CULTURE
- Youth culture was largely defined by fashion and music London was
the capital of the fashion world.
YOUTH CULTURE
- Traditional rules were abandoned – became acceptable to wear the same outfit to work and, in the evening, / women wore
trousers and men started to wear velvet and brightly coloured fabrics.
YOUTH CULTURE
- As the decade progressed, these trends became more extreme and helped override/ mask some of the
old social division between sexes and classes.
YOUTH CULTURE
- Different youth subcultures emerged by the end of the 60s, skinheads characterised by
vs hippes
shaven heads and Dr Marten boots had evolved from the mods. Meanwhile, hippies rejected social convention and embraced ‘flower-power’, emphasising environmentalism, free love, and peace.
ANTI-VIETNAM WAR RIOTS
- Youth culture and political activism merged in opposition to the controversial Vietnam war in 1964.
march
march
october
what happeneddd
- 17 March 1968 violence at an anti- Vietnam War demonstration in London near the American embassy in Grosvenor Square.
- 28 March 1968 a more violent protest, the Battle of Grosvenor Square took place, ending in over 200 people being arrested.
- October 1968 the final demonstration in which 30,000 people took part was relatively peaceful.
ANTI-VIETNAM WAR RIOTS
what happened to MPs?
2 conservatives and dennis healey
- 2 Conservative MPs physically attacked in Essex.
- Dennis Healey almost had his car overturned by Cambridge Students.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- The continuing influx of immigrants from the New Commonwealth meant
the social tension experiences in the 50a and 60s did not go away.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- 1965 survey in north London showed 1 in 5 objected to
working with black people or Asians, half said they would refuse to live next door to a black person and 9 out of 10 disapproved mixed marriages.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- 1965 Labour passes first Race Relations Act which forbade
discrimination in public places “on the grounds of colour, race, or ethnical origins”. However, the discrimination in housing and employment were excluded.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- Complaints were referred to the
Race Relations Board whose job was to conciliate the two sides.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
failure of race relations board
- The board could not compel witnesses to attend and 734 of the 982 complaints handled in the first year were dismissed through a lack of evidence.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- February 1968 alarm over the sudden influx of Kenyan Asians prompted the government to pass a
new Commonwealth Immigration act that limited the right of return to Britain for non-white commonwealth citizens.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- The furore over the arrival of Kenyan Asians prompted Powell to
make his notorious ‘rivers of blood’ speech in 1968.
- Powell was strongly condemned, and Heath
sacked him from the shadow cabinet and never spoke to him again.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- The reaction from public opinion to powell was different there were
strikes by dockers, and a protest march to Downing Street in response to his sacking.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- A poll found that 75% of the population
supported what Powell had said.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- 1968 another Race Relations Act banned racial discrimination in
housing, employment and other services and gave the Race relations board stronger powers.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
1968 act - However, there were still loopholes e.g. employers could discriminate against non-whites in the interests of
racial balance and complaints to the police were excluded by the law.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- There were also positive aspects and evidence of communities living together without problems the Notting Hill Carnival became
an annual event from 1964.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- Furthermore, the Race Relations Board only upheld 10% of the 1241 complaints it received about discriminatory employment and the number of complaints remained low because
victims had little faith in it.
ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE
- Youth culture drew in the ethnic communities in music, fashion and street life – hippies wore
African cottons, Indian scarves and ethnic beads.
