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2S: THE MAKING OF MODERN BRITAIN > WILSON 1964-70 CHAPTER 7 > Flashcards

WILSON 1964-70 CHAPTER 7 Flashcards

society

1
Q

THE EXPANSION OF THE MASS MEDIA

  • TV became available everywhere  started to create a uniformity of culture and rapidly supplanted the cinema as a means of entertainment.
  • 1961  1971: % of the population that has a TV in their home goes up from
A

75% to 91%.

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2
Q

THE EXPANSION OF THE MASS MEDIA

  • The newspapers and magazines that survived changed and grew stronger:

1964 and 1969 (think thwe Sun)

A
  • 1964 – the Sun launched and replaced the serious working-class newspaper, the Daily Herald.
  • 1969 – bought out by an Australian newspaper tycoon and was associated with the more permissive attitudes of the age  popularity grew enormously.
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3
Q

THE EXPANSION OF THE MASS MEDIA

  • When Hugh Greene became director of BBC he diverted money from radio to TV, revised guidelines on

what did he doo

A

swearing and nudity, commissioned more popular programmes and a new style of news presentation.

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4
Q

GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES

  • Leisure time expanded as fewer people were expected to work on Saturday mornings and weekends.
  • Home remained the centre and was expanded by TV  by 1969 it accounted for
A

23% of leisure time.

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5
Q

GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES

  • Live theatre

what happened?

A

shrank rapidly, and attendance of other live events (football matches) also suffered.

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6
Q

GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES

  • Car ownership accelerated rapidly  bus, coach, and train travel declined as
A

the use of cars grew to account for 77% of journeys by 1974.

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7
Q

GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES

  • Shopping became a leisure activity on its own right as
A

mass production grew, fuelled by advertising.

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8
Q

GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES

Leisure travel turned into mass tourism as numbers of holidays increased:

1951 to 1971

A

1951 – 27 million total holidays
1971 – 41 million total holidays.

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9
Q

REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP

  • Playwrights began experimenting with new styles of plays thar led to clashes with the office of the Lord Chamberlain (has the power to prevent plays being performed / makes changes to them) - new plays had to
A

gain a license before they were allowed to be performed & it could demand that material considered to be inappropriate / immoral to be removed. Theatre owners could be prosecuted if the play did not have approval.

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9
Q

GROWTH IN LEISURE ACTIVITIES

1964 – Britannia airways founded to serve holidaymakers wishing to fly abroad
but this was only for

A

cost of travel meant these were largely for the middle classes

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10
Q

IMPACT OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS

1961
1969
space?

A
  • 1961 – first person in space.
  • 1969 – first person on the moon.
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11
Q

IMPACT OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS

Labour government made scientific development a key aim - there was progress despite economic problems and financial restraints:

2 things

A
  • The Anglo-French partnership developed the supersonic Concorde aircraft.
  • The post office tower opened in 1965 to improve telecommunications.
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12
Q

REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP

  • Backbencher Strauss introduced a bill to
A

abolish theatrical censorship.

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13
Q

REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP

  • Films remained subject to strict categorisation by the
A

British Board of Film Censors.

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14
Q

REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP

  • With Jenkins’ support and the testimony of famous actor Laurance Oliver, the bill passed into law in 1968.
  • This permitted

celebrated by

A

nudity on stage - celebrated by the cast of Hair, an American musical in production at the Shaftesbury theatre in London stood up and faced the audience naked for 30 seconds in 1968.

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15
Q

REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP

  • 1960s saw a gradual broadening of what was acceptable  films of the mid 60s grew more daring and by the end of the decade screen sex and violence became
A

more acceptable and explicit.

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16
Q

REDUCTION IN CENSORSHIP

  • TV was both affected by and helped to develop more liberal attitudes  as the 60s progressed, issues of
A

sex, violence, politics, and religion, which had previously been banned r considered unsuitable for public broadcasting were tackled.

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17
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

  • The belief that the duty of a woman was to be
A

a good wife and mother, keeping a clean home and feeding the children and husband remained, particularly among the working classes.

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18
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

  • Second-wave feminism was started in the US when the Feminine Mystique, arguing women were published in 1963  this spread to Britain and led to the
A

the growth in female education, especially for the middle classes.

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19
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

  • Few made it onto the top professions – women accounted for only

what %

A

28% of students in higher education and only 5% reached managerial posts.

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20
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

  • There was no shortage of jobs for women but many of these were in the
A

service sector with poor pay.

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21
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

  • At the lower end of the social scale, girls’ education still carried a domestic slant, and they
A

left school at the minimum age and got married young.

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22
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

  • Some women wanted to work even when they had children, but working mothers were still painted as
A

unnatural and selfish by the media.

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23
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

  • The NHS Family Planning Act of 1967 allowed local authorities to provide contraceptives and advice - however changing attitudes meant the number of illegitimate births rose from

1960 to 70 in %

A

5.8% (1960) to 8.2% (1970) and the number of marriages ending in divorce also rose.

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24
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

  • The feminist movement was encouraged by the publication of articles and books exploring the position of women – a number of

what sprang up?

A

Women’s Lib groups sprang up around the UK to campaign for social and economic equality for women.

25
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

  • At the first National Women’s Liberation Convention at Ruskin College Oxford in February 1970, 4 demands were put forward:
A
  • Equal pay
  • Free contraception and abortion on request
  • Equal educational and job opportunities
  • Free 24-hour childcare
26
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

Some progress was made – 1970 Matrimonial Property Act established

A

the work of a wife should be considered in divorce settlements.

27
Q

PROGRESS TOWARDS FEMALE EQUALITY

The 1970 Equal Pay act established the

A

principle of equal pay for equal work, although it didn’t come into force for a further 5 years.

28
Q

However, the feminist movement did not really make much headway until 1970. Despite some breakthroughs, inequalities and discrimination still existed and the traditional stereotyping of roles remained strong - for women, the 1960s was a period

A

of evolution, not transformation.

29
Q

CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY

  • The permissive society refers to a time of
A

general sexual liberation – changes in public and private morals and a new openness.

30
Q

CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY

  • Critics used the term in a negative way, believing it was
A

a decline in conventional moral standards encouraged by the contraceptive pill, the mass media, and the liberal legislation.

31
Q

CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY

  • By the end of the decease, rates of

think a type of disease..

A

STDs were on the rise, especially among the young.

32
Q

CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY

  • The permissive society was seen in the spread of drug culture – cocaine and heroin addiction became
A

10 times more prevalent at the start of the decade and the use of soft drugs rose by the end of the decade.

33
Q

CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY

  • The hippie lifestyle promoted drug culture and even the Beatles turned to
A

LSD.

34
Q

CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY

  • The Dangerous Drug Act (1967) made it unlawful to possess
A

drugs such as cannabis and cocaine.

35
Q

CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY

  • The Wootton report (1968) suggested legalising soft drugs like cannabis but was rejected by Home Secretary,

WHO

A

James Callaghan (who was much less liberal than Jenkins) who ‘wanted to call a halt to the rising tide of permissiveness’.

36
Q

CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY

  • Surveys found that liberal permissiveness influencing attitudes and behaviour in the 60s was exaggerated 

how?

A

most young people were virgins or married or their first and only sexual partner.

37
Q

CHANGES IN MORAL ATTITUDES AND THE PERMISSIVE SOCIETY

  • A mixture of ignorance and social constraints remained and while liberal legislation opened the way to change, it only represented
A

an inroad into the old religious and moral restraints.

38
Q

YOUTH CULTURE

  • Increased living standards, spread of education and the growth of leisure time helped create a
A

youth generation that was more ready to question norm and assert its right to choose.

39
Q

YOUTH CULTURE

  • Young people clashed with their parents over fashion, musical tastes, and moral standards – there was greater questioning of previous norms around sex and drugs  caused concern to the older generation.

what were the problems

A
  • Alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine were used more than illegal drugs and according to a 1969 survey, young people spend most of their times listening to music in their bedrooms than going to rock festivals.
40
Q

YOUTH CULTURE

  • Youth culture was largely defined by fashion and music  London was
A

the capital of the fashion world.

41
Q

YOUTH CULTURE

  • Traditional rules were abandoned – became acceptable to wear the same outfit to work and, in the evening, / women wore
A

trousers and men started to wear velvet and brightly coloured fabrics.

42
Q

YOUTH CULTURE

  • As the decade progressed, these trends became more extreme and helped override/ mask some of the
A

old social division between sexes and classes.

43
Q

YOUTH CULTURE

  • Different youth subcultures emerged  by the end of the 60s, skinheads characterised by

vs hippes

A

shaven heads and Dr Marten boots had evolved from the mods. Meanwhile, hippies rejected social convention and embraced ‘flower-power’, emphasising environmentalism, free love, and peace.

44
Q

ANTI-VIETNAM WAR RIOTS

  • Youth culture and political activism merged in opposition to the controversial Vietnam war in 1964.
    march
    march
    october

what happeneddd

A
  • 17 March 1968  violence at an anti- Vietnam War demonstration in London near the American embassy in Grosvenor Square.
  • 28 March 1968  a more violent protest, the Battle of Grosvenor Square took place, ending in over 200 people being arrested.
  • October 1968  the final demonstration in which 30,000 people took part was relatively peaceful.
45
Q

ANTI-VIETNAM WAR RIOTS

what happened to MPs?

2 conservatives and dennis healey

A
  • 2 Conservative MPs physically attacked in Essex.
  • Dennis Healey almost had his car overturned by Cambridge Students.
46
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • The continuing influx of immigrants from the New Commonwealth meant
A

the social tension experiences in the 50a and 60s did not go away.

47
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • 1965  survey in north London showed 1 in 5 objected to
A

working with black people or Asians, half said they would refuse to live next door to a black person and 9 out of 10 disapproved mixed marriages.

48
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • 1965  Labour passes first Race Relations Act which forbade
A

discrimination in public places “on the grounds of colour, race, or ethnical origins”. However, the discrimination in housing and employment were excluded.

49
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • Complaints were referred to the
A

Race Relations Board whose job was to conciliate the two sides.

50
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

failure of race relations board

A
  • The board could not compel witnesses to attend and 734 of the 982 complaints handled in the first year were dismissed through a lack of evidence.
51
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • February 1968  alarm over the sudden influx of Kenyan Asians prompted the government to pass a
A

new Commonwealth Immigration act that limited the right of return to Britain for non-white commonwealth citizens.

52
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • The furore over the arrival of Kenyan Asians prompted Powell to
A

make his notorious ‘rivers of blood’ speech in 1968.

53
Q
  • Powell was strongly condemned, and Heath
A

sacked him from the shadow cabinet and never spoke to him again.

54
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • The reaction from public opinion to powell was different  there were
A

strikes by dockers, and a protest march to Downing Street in response to his sacking.

55
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • A poll found that 75% of the population
A

supported what Powell had said.

56
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • 1968  another Race Relations Act banned racial discrimination in
A

housing, employment and other services and gave the Race relations board stronger powers.

57
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

1968 act - However, there were still loopholes e.g. employers could discriminate against non-whites in the interests of

A

racial balance and complaints to the police were excluded by the law.

58
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • There were also positive aspects and evidence of communities living together without problems  the Notting Hill Carnival became
A

an annual event from 1964.

59
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • Furthermore, the Race Relations Board only upheld 10% of the 1241 complaints it received about discriminatory employment and the number of complaints remained low because
A

victims had little faith in it.

60
Q

ISSUES OF IMMIGRATION AND RACE

  • Youth culture drew in the ethnic communities in music, fashion and street life – hippies wore
A

African cottons, Indian scarves and ethnic beads.

2S: THE MAKING OF MODERN BRITAIN (24 decks)

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