HEATH 1970-4, WILSON/CALLAGHAN 1974-9 CHAPTER 11

Question 1

PROGRESS OF FEMINISM

• 1970s  high point of second-wave feminism:

what happened

Answer 1

women’s liberation groups sprang up all over the country – disrupted the 1970 Miss World contest because they felt it objectified women, organised demonstrations in 1971 demanding equal pay and free 24-hour nurseries.

Question 2

PROGRESS OF FEMINISM

Feminism split between different ideologies:

radicals vs solcialists

Answer 2

• Radicals (separatists) believed they were oppressed by the patriarchal society and campaigned on reproductive rights (right to make decisions on contraception and abortion).
• Socialists wanted equality and campaigned on issues that would enable them to achieve financial independence.

Question 3

PROGRESS OF FEMINISM

1971 reform

Answer 3

Birth control pill available on the NHS

Question 4

PROGRESS OF FEMINISM

• Attempts made to tackle violence against women

what 2 things happened

Answer 4

• first rape crisis centre opened in 1976 and
• the Domestic Violence Act made it possible for women to take out restraining orders against abusive partners.

Question 5

PROGRESS OF FEMINISM

Equal Pay act passed in

Answer 5

1970

Question 6

PROGRESS OF FEMINISM

what 3 reforms passed in 1975

Answer 6

• Employment protection act passed.
• Sex discrimination act passed.
• Equal pay act comes into force.

Question 7

PROGRESS OF FEMINISM

1979 - TUC publishes charter –

which is

Answer 7

equality for women within trade unions.

Question 8

THE SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT

Passed in 1975 to end discrimination on the basis of gender or marital status.

Aimed to

Answer 8

ensure equality of opportunity in the fields of employment and education, and to outlaw harassment.

Question 9

THE SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT

Set up the Equality Opportunities Commission to oversee both the Sex Discrimination and the Equal Pay acts - it could

Answer 9

bring court proceedings against any party that was not compliant with these acts.

Question 10

THE SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT

However, the Equality Opportunities Commission only launched

how many investigations and what % successful

Answer 10

9 investigations in 8 years and only 10% of claims of sex discrimination claims in the workplace were successful as it was very difficult to prove.

Question 11

WOMEN

• There were inequalities:

2 reasons (trade unions, issues with equal pay act)

Answer 11

• trade unions still tended to be dominated by men and suspicions remained that women in the workplace could supress wages for men.
• Employers got around the Equal Pay act by making tasks slightly different and not comparable.

Question 12

WOMEN

Women’s economic position did start to improve:

3 reasons (1971 and 1975 acts, wages)

Answer 12

• 1971 – women able to take out a mortgage without a male guarantor.
• 1975 – equal pay act came into force and Barbara Castle introduced the employment protection act (introduced paid maternity leave and outlawed dismissal on the grounds of pregnancy).
• Women’s wages did go up from 59% of men’s wages n 1970 to 70% by 1977.

Question 13

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• Immigration continued to be a source of social concern.
  1971 immigration act

did what

Answer 13

restricted the right of people from the New Commonwealth coming into Britain – need to have a guaranteed job and at least 1 grandparent born in Britain.

Question 14

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• Steady flow of immigrants from Indian subcontinent remained and events abroad caused influxes that were exempt from the immigration act and Heath set up a resettlement board - 28,000 arrived in Britain.

uganda?

Answer 14

Ugandan dictator persecuted and expelled Ugandan Asians who had British passports as they moved to Uganda when India was still a British colony

Question 15

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• 1974 – over 1 million new commonwealth immigrants came to Britain - tended to settle in the same areas but political representation remained

what

Answer 15

limited (10 non-white councillors elected in the London Borough elections).

Question 16

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• Race relations continued to be an issue - labour passed

Answer 16

another race relations act in 1976 to try tackle discrimination on the basis of race.

Question 16

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• The national front (opposed non-white immigration) became very active in parts of London where immigrants had settled such as Brick Lane and Southall. Its publicity grew in the 1970s and had

how many members

Answer 16

20,000 members in 1976.

Question 17

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• National Front held marches and demonstrations in areas of high immigrant population  considered provocative and marked by violence.

which youth group got into this

Answer 17

• Some skinheads were attracted by their ideas and were behind the violent attacks on people from other ethnic backgrounds.

Question 18

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• This growth seemed to indicate ongoing concerns over immigration - by the end of the late 70s, conservatives announced they would toughen up immigration policy to limit the number of immigrants coming into Britain – thatcher received

what 2 things

Answer 18

hundreds of letters in support of the policy and gained an 11-point lead in the opinion polls.

Question 19

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• Other young people fought against racial attitudes  Rock against racism started in 1976 and

concert

Answer 19

a concert held in 1978 in Trafalgar Square attracted 100,000 people and was headlined by the Clash, who drew on Jamaican influences as well as punk rock.

Question 20

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• 1976  only 70 ethnic minority police officers in the MET police out of

how many? what did it mean

Answer 20

22,000 - Young black people felt the police were harassing them unnecessarily.

Question 21

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• Tension apparent in Notting Hill Carnival - 1976 hostility erupted into a riot where over

Answer 21

300 people were injured and there were calls to ban the event.

Question 22

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• Progress in race relations and ongoing racism were visible in popular culture  black footballers became increasingly common and in 1978

Answer 22

Viv Anderson became the first black player to be picked for the England team.

Question 22

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• Suspicions regarding police were highlighted by the events of the death of Blair Peach in 1979, who was an Anti-Nazi League supporter who was killed when a

Answer 22

demonstration was blocked by the police and got struck with a police truncheon. MET police accepted responsibility for his death in 2010.

Question 23

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• Local authorities began to follow multicultural policies that sought to

Answer 23

recognise and respect the different ethnicities equally.

Question 24

RACE AND IMMIGRATION

• However, football terraces were scenes of overt racism  fans made

Answer 24

monkey noises and threw banana skins at black players

Question 25

YOUTH - PUNKS

1975-6  punk movement, influenced by US bands who rejected commercialism, started.
British bands like the

Answer 25

Clash played loud, fast guitar music where the words were shouted over the top of the music.

Question 26

YOUTH- PUNKS

Punk created a moral panic - the Sex Pistols swore live on TV and released a controversial single about

Answer 26

the queen that the BBC refused to play it, but it ended up charting at #2.

Question 26

YOUTH - PUNKS

Shocking image - they wore

Answer 26

bondage gear, safety pins and ripped t-shirts, and had spikey hair,
Both performers and audience spat at each other in concerts and often had violent scuffles.

Question 27

YOUTH - PUNKS

Much of the punk philosophy was nihilistic  rejected the

Answer 27

hippy culture and the lyrics reflected the social alienation young people felt.

Question 28

YOUTH - SKINHEADS

Tended to be working class and were initially influenced by Jamaican music  many were apolitical, but some were becoming increasingly linked to

Answer 28

the National front and football hooliganism by the end of the 1970s.

Question 29

YOUTH - SKINHEADS

Had developed from the

Answer 29

Mod culture at the end of 1960s.

Question 30

YOUTH - SKINHEADS

Organised hooligan groups were set up linked to particular clubs and scenes of hooliganism became so common that it became known as

Answer 30

the ‘English disease’.

Question 31

ENVIRONMENTALISM

• 1970 was announced to be the year of

Answer 31

European conservation and in the early 1970s, disparate environmental concerns began to coalesce into organised campaigns.

Question 32

ENVIRONMENTALISM

• The environmental pressure group ‘Friends of the Earth’ was formed in the United States in 1969 and expanded to include

Answer 32

Britain, France, and Sweden in 1971.

Question 33

ENVIRONMENTALISM

• Whereas the original drive behind CND had been protest against atomic weapons, a new form of anti-nuclear protest campaigned against the use of nuclear power to generate electricity because of the long-term dangers in dealing with radioactive nuclear waste and the potential for accidents  Between 1957 and 1979 there had been

Answer 33

five incidents at the nuclear power station Sellafield which was on the Cumbrian coast.

Question 34

ENVIRONMENTALISM

Greenpeace UK was formed in .

Answer 34

1977

Question 35

ENVIRONMENTALISM

• There was outrage in 1975 when it was discovered that beagles in laboratories were being forced to

Answer 35

smoke 30 cigarettes a day to study the effects.

Question 36

ENVIRONMENTALISM

• Animal rights protesters carried out violent attacks on pharmaceutical laboratories from 1973  The Animal Liberation Front, formed in 1976, adopted extreme violence:

Answer 36

letter bombs were sent to politicians, including Thatcher, in 1984.

Question 37

ENVIRONMENTALISM

Teddy Goldsmith published A Blueprint for Survival in 1972 which advocated a return to self-sufficiency and a de-industrialised society - formed the political platform of The People’s Party which was set up in 1973.

no of people put up for election and what did they become known as

Answer 37

The People’s Party put up 5 candidates in February 1974, including Goldsmith.
It changed its name to the Ecology Party (became the green party in 1985) in 1975 and put up 53 candidates in the 1979 general election.

By the end of the 1970s, environmentalism had carved a permanent place on the political scene.