HEATH 1970-4, WILSON/CALLAGHAN 1974-9 CHAPTER 11 Flashcards
society
PROGRESS OF FEMINISM
- 1970s high point of second-wave feminism:
what happened
women’s liberation groups sprang up all over the country – disrupted the 1970 Miss World contest because they felt it objectified women, organised demonstrations in 1971 demanding equal pay and free 24-hour nurseries.
PROGRESS OF FEMINISM
Feminism split between different ideologies:
radicals vs solcialists
- Radicals (separatists) believed they were oppressed by the patriarchal society and campaigned on reproductive rights (right to make decisions on contraception and abortion).
- Socialists wanted equality and campaigned on issues that would enable them to achieve financial independence.
PROGRESS OF FEMINISM
1971 reform
Birth control pill available on the NHS
PROGRESS OF FEMINISM
- Attempts made to tackle violence against women
what 2 things happened
- first rape crisis centre opened in 1976 and
- the Domestic Violence Act made it possible for women to take out restraining orders against abusive partners.
PROGRESS OF FEMINISM
Equal Pay act passed in
1970
PROGRESS OF FEMINISM
what 3 reforms passed in 1975
- Employment protection act passed.
- Sex discrimination act passed.
- Equal pay act comes into force.
PROGRESS OF FEMINISM
1979 - TUC publishes charter –
which is
equality for women within trade unions.
THE SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT
Passed in 1975 to end discrimination on the basis of gender or marital status.
Aimed to
ensure equality of opportunity in the fields of employment and education, and to outlaw harassment.
THE SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT
Set up the Equality Opportunities Commission to oversee both the Sex Discrimination and the Equal Pay acts - it could
bring court proceedings against any party that was not compliant with these acts.
THE SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT
However, the Equality Opportunities Commission only launched
how many investigations and what % successful
9 investigations in 8 years and only 10% of claims of sex discrimination claims in the workplace were successful as it was very difficult to prove.
WOMEN
- There were inequalities:
2 reasons (trade unions, issues with equal pay act)
- trade unions still tended to be dominated by men and suspicions remained that women in the workplace could supress wages for men.
- Employers got around the Equal Pay act by making tasks slightly different and not comparable.
WOMEN
Women’s economic position did start to improve:
3 reasons (1971 and 1975 acts, wages)
- 1971 – women able to take out a mortgage without a male guarantor.
- 1975 – equal pay act came into force and Barbara Castle introduced the employment protection act (introduced paid maternity leave and outlawed dismissal on the grounds of pregnancy).
- Women’s wages did go up from 59% of men’s wages n 1970 to 70% by 1977.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- Immigration continued to be a source of social concern.
1971 immigration act
did what
restricted the right of people from the New Commonwealth coming into Britain – need to have a guaranteed job and at least 1 grandparent born in Britain.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- Steady flow of immigrants from Indian subcontinent remained and events abroad caused influxes that were exempt from the immigration act and Heath set up a resettlement board - 28,000 arrived in Britain.
uganda?
Ugandan dictator persecuted and expelled Ugandan Asians who had British passports as they moved to Uganda when India was still a British colony
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- 1974 – over 1 million new commonwealth immigrants came to Britain - tended to settle in the same areas but political representation remained
what
limited (10 non-white councillors elected in the London Borough elections).
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- Race relations continued to be an issue - labour passed
another race relations act in 1976 to try tackle discrimination on the basis of race.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- The national front (opposed non-white immigration) became very active in parts of London where immigrants had settled such as Brick Lane and Southall. Its publicity grew in the 1970s and had
how many members
20,000 members in 1976.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- National Front held marches and demonstrations in areas of high immigrant population considered provocative and marked by violence.
which youth group got into this
- Some skinheads were attracted by their ideas and were behind the violent attacks on people from other ethnic backgrounds.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- This growth seemed to indicate ongoing concerns over immigration - by the end of the late 70s, conservatives announced they would toughen up immigration policy to limit the number of immigrants coming into Britain – thatcher received
what 2 things
hundreds of letters in support of the policy and gained an 11-point lead in the opinion polls.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- Other young people fought against racial attitudes Rock against racism started in 1976 and
concert
a concert held in 1978 in Trafalgar Square attracted 100,000 people and was headlined by the Clash, who drew on Jamaican influences as well as punk rock.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- 1976 only 70 ethnic minority police officers in the MET police out of
how many? what did it mean
22,000 - Young black people felt the police were harassing them unnecessarily.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- Tension apparent in Notting Hill Carnival - 1976 hostility erupted into a riot where over
300 people were injured and there were calls to ban the event.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- Progress in race relations and ongoing racism were visible in popular culture black footballers became increasingly common and in 1978
Viv Anderson became the first black player to be picked for the England team.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- Suspicions regarding police were highlighted by the events of the death of Blair Peach in 1979, who was an Anti-Nazi League supporter who was killed when a
demonstration was blocked by the police and got struck with a police truncheon. MET police accepted responsibility for his death in 2010.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- Local authorities began to follow multicultural policies that sought to
recognise and respect the different ethnicities equally.
RACE AND IMMIGRATION
- However, football terraces were scenes of overt racism fans made
monkey noises and threw banana skins at black players
YOUTH - PUNKS
1975-6 punk movement, influenced by US bands who rejected commercialism, started.
British bands like the
Clash played loud, fast guitar music where the words were shouted over the top of the music.
YOUTH- PUNKS
Punk created a moral panic - the Sex Pistols swore live on TV and released a controversial single about
the queen that the BBC refused to play it, but it ended up charting at #2.
YOUTH - PUNKS
Shocking image - they wore
bondage gear, safety pins and ripped t-shirts, and had spikey hair,
Both performers and audience spat at each other in concerts and often had violent scuffles.
YOUTH - PUNKS
Much of the punk philosophy was nihilistic rejected the
hippy culture and the lyrics reflected the social alienation young people felt.
YOUTH - SKINHEADS
Tended to be working class and were initially influenced by Jamaican music many were apolitical, but some were becoming increasingly linked to
the National front and football hooliganism by the end of the 1970s.
YOUTH - SKINHEADS
Had developed from the
Mod culture at the end of 1960s.
YOUTH - SKINHEADS
Organised hooligan groups were set up linked to particular clubs and scenes of hooliganism became so common that it became known as
the ‘English disease’.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
- 1970 was announced to be the year of
European conservation and in the early 1970s, disparate environmental concerns began to coalesce into organised campaigns.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
- The environmental pressure group ‘Friends of the Earth’ was formed in the United States in 1969 and expanded to include
Britain, France, and Sweden in 1971.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
- Whereas the original drive behind CND had been protest against atomic weapons, a new form of anti-nuclear protest campaigned against the use of nuclear power to generate electricity because of the long-term dangers in dealing with radioactive nuclear waste and the potential for accidents Between 1957 and 1979 there had been
five incidents at the nuclear power station Sellafield which was on the Cumbrian coast.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
Greenpeace UK was formed in .
1977
ENVIRONMENTALISM
- There was outrage in 1975 when it was discovered that beagles in laboratories were being forced to
smoke 30 cigarettes a day to study the effects.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
- Animal rights protesters carried out violent attacks on pharmaceutical laboratories from 1973 The Animal Liberation Front, formed in 1976, adopted extreme violence:
letter bombs were sent to politicians, including Thatcher, in 1984.
ENVIRONMENTALISM
Teddy Goldsmith published A Blueprint for Survival in 1972 which advocated a return to self-sufficiency and a de-industrialised society - formed the political platform of The People’s Party which was set up in 1973.
no of people put up for election and what did they become known as
The People’s Party put up 5 candidates in February 1974, including Goldsmith.
It changed its name to the Ecology Party (became the green party in 1985) in 1975 and put up 53 candidates in the 1979 general election.
By the end of the 1970s, environmentalism had carved a permanent place on the political scene.
