wider scholars

Question 1

against the forms

Answer 1

1. kant: accessing ultimate realities is not possible through the senes alone
2. Alfred North Whitehead: reality is fundamentally constituted by process and change
3. russell: could not accept the existence of a separate realm without evidence
4. nietzsche: criticised the idea of objectiev unchanging truths or values

KARN

Question 2

in favour of the forms

Answer 2

1. heraclitus
2. wittgenstein

HW

Question 3

against the four causes

Answer 3

1. Francis Bacon
2. Unamuno
3. Heidegger: criticised telos as a metaphysical abstraction disconnected from the lived experience of being
4. Hume: rejected the idea of telos as anthropomorphic projections onto nature
5. Nietzsche: the causes obscure nature’s complexity

FUHHN

Question 4

against the prime mover

Answer 4

1. Kant
2. Hume
3. Unamuno
4. Russell
5. Dawkins
6. Heidegger

KHURDH

Question 5

for the teleological argument

Answer 5

1. FR Tennant
2. Kierkegaard

FK

Question 6

against the teleological argument

Answer 6

1. JL Mackie
2. Heidegger: the usual criticism
3. Unamuno
4. Dennet and Dawkins

JHUD

Question 7

arguments for the cosmological argument

Answer 7

kierkegaard

Question 8

against the cosmological argument

Answer 8

1. JL Mackie: unjustified leap from cause of the universe to theistic God
2. Hume
3. Russell: the universe could exist without a beginning or a creator
4. Dawkins

JHRD

Question 9

for the ontological argument

Answer 9

1. Malcolm
2. Plantinga
3. Godel

MPG

Question 10

against the ontological argument

Answer 10

1. GE Moore
2. Russell and Frege

Question 11

for the problem of evil

Answer 11

Leibniz

Question 12

against the problem of evil

Answer 12

1. DZ Phillips: traditional theodicies misunderstand the nature of belief in God and the role of religious language
2. Draper: some suffering serves a greater purpose but the level of gratuitous suffering is too high
3. Wittgenstein (language games)
4. Wykstra
5. Stephen Fry

DDWW Fry

Question 13

for God’s omnipotence

Answer 13

1. book of Matthew
2. book of Titus
3. Kenny
4. Geach
5. Vardy
6. MacQuarrie

pairs

Question 14

against God’s omnipotence

Answer 14

1. JL Mackie: ‘a form of words which fails to describe any state of affairs’, logically impossible
2. Wittgenstein

Question 15

for God’s omniscience

Answer 15

1. Jonathan Edwards: God’s knowledge of our choices aligns with the choices we freely make based on our desires
2. Aristotle
3. Isaiah - Hezekiah
4. Russell

JAIR

Question 16

God’s omnibenevolence

Answer 16

1. Augustine
2. Hick
3. JL Mackie: why not a world where we always choose the right option

JAH

Question 17

for the apophatic way

Answer 17

1. William James
2. David Bentley Hart: stresses God’s transcendence of human thought and language

Question 18

against the apophatic way

Answer 18

1. Swinburne: apophatic way makes God too abstract and inaccessible
2. Plantinga: negative theology leads to agnosticism
3. Inge
4. Barth

Question 19

for the cataphatic way

Answer 19

1. Hick
2. Ramsey

Question 20

against the cataphatic way

Answer 20

Swinburne: how far do we stretch analogies?

Question 21

for Tillich’s symbols

Answer 21

1.cSallie McFague: used metaphors for traditional theological terms as a modern take on religious symbolism
2.Otto

Question 22

against Tillich’s symbols

Answer 22

1. Gilkey: criticised Tillich for overemphasising the existential dimension of symbols at the expense of historical and concrete aspects of religious traditions
2. Barth