Widenings Flashcards
why did US feelings of fear and hatred of the Japanese linger?
US prisoners of war were mistreated and tortured
when did war crime trials begin to be phased out?
after 1947
what did Emperor Hirohito symbolise for the Japanese?
independent survival of the Japanese nation
what was not guaranteed as a basic freedom and civil liberty under the new democratic Japanese constitution?
same-sex marriage being legalised
what was America’s aim for Japanese economic reconstruction?
integrate Japan and South-East Asia into the ‘great crescent’ of anti-communist capitalist states
why was America worried about the attraction of communism for the Japanese?
Japan was defeated and demoralised
what were the Zaibatsu?
‘wealthy clique’ similar to cartels or trusts but usually organised around a single family controlling business in Japan
how did American businessmen end Zaibatsu privileges in 1947?
set up a Japanese car industry
how much of Japans’ cultivated land was purchased under the government’s reform programme?
5.8 million acres
how many peasants owned their own land by 1950?
3 million
who was excluded from the USA and Japan’s foreign trade?
communists
name one way the communists could use the location and industry if they controlled a rearmed Japan
protect communist-controlled lands in Asia, launch an aggressive policy in the South and South-East Asia, break through US defences in the western Pacific
what would western democracies have gained if they allied with rearmed Japan?
protection for the US defensive outposts in the western Pacific
what did Truman fear tight occupation controls in Japan would result in?
damage Japanese goodwill and turn them to communism
why was there a ‘Red Scare’ in Japan in 1949?
there were industrial strikes and the Japanese Communists received 3 million votes in the elections
name one reason why containment of communism and a Red purge was necessary in 1949
USA needed to ensure communism was removed before giving the Japanese control of day-to-day government, there couldn’t be a basis for a Japanese peace treaty whilst communism was being supported in Japan
what was the final stage of Japanese reconstruction a response to?
the Korean War
how much did the USA spend on war supplies from Japan?
$500,000,000
name one term in the San Francisco Peace Treaty
full sovereignty, Taiwan not to be returned to communist China, US occupation forces to withdraw no later than 90 days after the treaty
another treaty was signed on the say day allowed the US to what?
to station land, air and sea forces in and about Japan as defence
name the SCAP who accepted Japan’s surrender in 1945
General Douglas MacArthur
how much was the target for the ‘super balanced budget’?
157 million yen
what does GATT stand for?
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
when was the San Francisco Peace Treaty drawn up?
September 1951
what was the agreed number of a Japanese self-defence force by 1954?
140,000
how much did the USA fund the new Japanese self-defence force?
$240 million, and the sale of US agricultural surplus to Japan
name the new leader of China in 1949 and his political party
Mao Zedong, Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
name the opposition leader of the KMT and where did he set up his government in exile?
Jiang Jieshi, Taiwan
when did the USSR and the China create an alliance and what was it called?
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, February 1950
name the US Secretary of State in 1949
Dean Acheson
what did he create in July 1949
the White Paper
where did the Defensive Perimeter Strategy run through?
through Japan, the Ryukyus and the Philippines
when did the USA’s nuclear monopoly end?
September 1949 when the USSR tested the atomic bomb
what does NSC-68 stand for?
National Security Council Resolution 68
at what line was Korea divided?
38th parallel
name the leaders of North Korea and South Korea
Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee
when did the forces of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea advance into South Korea?
June 1950
who led the UN forces?
General Douglas MacArthur
how many forces did Mao send across the Yalu River to North Korea in October 1950?
300,000
what date was the Panmunjom Armistice Agreement?
27th July 1953
name the committee that was established to investigate communist infiltration in America?
House of Un-American Activities Committee
what two things die McCarthy accuse Truman off?
being soft on communism and the ‘loss of China’
who was accused of passing being a member of the Communist Party and passing information via the Pumpkin Papers?
Alger Hiss
when were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg executed?
June 1953
when did McCarthy claim that ‘Reds’ had infiltrated the US army?
1954
where is the headquarters of the UN?
New York
give three examples of pro-Western members of the UN
US, UK, India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Greece, Iran, Iraq and Egypt
true or false - mainland China took China’s seat in the UN
false - the nationalist regime in Taiwan took China’s seat
between 1946-1955, how many times did the USSR use their veto on UN interventions?
75
when was the US 7th Fleet positioned between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan?
27th June 1950
which President was inaugurated in 1953?
Dwight D. Eisenhower
what is the name of the collective defence treaty signed in September 1954?
South-East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO)
list three members of SEATO
US, France, UK, New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan
who was US Secretary of State in 1953?
John Foster Dulles
list three features of Eisenhower’s New Look policy
rollback, massive retaliation and brinkmanship
when was the NSC 162/2 approved?
October 1953
which three countries made up French Indochina?
Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
name the new leaders of North Vietnam and South Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh and Ngo Dinh Diem
when was the Battle of Diem Bien Phu?
March-May 1954
what line was Vietnam divided between in the Geneva Conference 1954?
17th parallel
