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History > Why Had International Peace Collapsed By 1939 > Flashcards

Why Had International Peace Collapsed By 1939 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hitler’s Aims : Mein Kampf

A
  • Book written by Hitler whilst in prison for role in Munich Lutsch
  • Title means ‘my struggle’
  • Hitler clearly sets out aims
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2
Q

Hitler’s Aims : Abolish Treaty of Versailles

A
  • Believed Treaty was unjust

- German leaders who signed it were ‘November Criminals’ of the ‘Stab in the back’

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3
Q

Hitler’s Aims : Expand German Territory

A
  • Determined to regain land lost in treaty
  • Believed the ‘Master Race’ needed lebensraum (living space)
  • Space could be found in Eastern Europe
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4
Q

Hitler’s Aims : Defeat Communism

A
  • Hitler hated Bolshevism/Communism
  • Believed it responsible for Germany’s defeat
  • Germany should expand into the Soviet Union and destroy Communism
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5
Q

Hitler Dismantles the Treaty : Disarmament Conference

A
  • Claimed to support disarmament
  • Unwillingness of other to disarm forced him to rearm
  • Eventually withdrew from Conference and League
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6
Q

Hitler Dismantles the Treaty : Rearmament

A
  • As soon as came into power, ordered secret programme of rearmament
  • Dismantle Treaty of Versailles, provide stimulus for German Economy, restore German pride
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7
Q

Hitler Dismantles the Treaty : Military Rally

A
  • 1935

- Openly staged military rally showing complete disregard for Treaty

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8
Q

Hitler Dismantles the Treaty : Naval Agreement

A
  • 1935

- Agreement with Britain to expand navy

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9
Q

Hitler Dismantles the Treaty : Saae Plebiscite

A
  • Run by League of Nations since 1919
  • League held plebiscite for people to vote on returning to Germany
  • Hitler wary as many opponents fled to Saar
  • 90% voted to return to Germany
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10
Q

Hitler Dismantles the Treaty : Remilitarisation of Rhineland

Gamble

A
  • 1936
  • Moved troops into Rhineland
  • Gamble because his forces were weak and Britain and France could force him into humiliating withdrawal
  • France signed pact with USSR to protect each other form German attack (justifies his actions as was under threat)
  • Predicted British would not intervene as many agreed Germany had the right to secure its own borders
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11
Q

Hitler Dismantles the Treaty : Remilitarisation of Rhineland

Pay-off

A
  • League condemned Remilitarisation but more concerned with Abyssinian crisis
  • Britain not prepared to risk war
  • French were angered but desperate to avoid war
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12
Q

Spanish Civil War

A
  • 1936

- Between Government and right-wing rebels led by General Franco

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13
Q

Spanish Civil War : Germany and Italy Intervene

A
  • International community supported Government forces
  • Hitler and Mussolini supported Franco
  • Mussolini sent troops
  • Hitler sent pilots and aircraft
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14
Q

Spanish Civil War : Bombing Raids

A
  • German airforce (Luftwaffe) bombed Spanish cities (Guernica)
  • Helped Franco win
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15
Q

Spanish Civil War : Consequences

A
  • Hitler and Mussolini formed Axis Alliance
  • Britain and France horrified by show of destructive force
  • Chamberlain became convinced war with Germany must be avoided
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16
Q

Anschluss

A
  • Meant union between Germany and Austria
  • Forbidden under Treaty of Versailles
  • 1934 Hitler tried to take over but stopped by Mussolini
  • Allies by 1938
17
Q

Anschluss : Calls for Anschluss

A
  • Hitler encouraged Austrian Nazi Party to hold demonstrations and riots
  • Hitler pressurised Austrian leader Schuschnigg to agree to plebiscite
  • Schuschnigg appealed to Britain and France but was refused
18
Q

Anschluss : Plebiscite

A
  • Hitler sent troops to oversee it
  • 99.75% of Austrians voted for Anschluss
  • Britain and France did nothing to oppose it
  • Chamberlain felt two countries had a right to unite
  • Lord Halifax suggested to Hitler that Britain would not stand in its way
19
Q

Anschluss : Consequences

A
  • Hitler emboldened
  • Germany gained Austria’s rich deposits (gold and iron core)
  • Clear Britain and France would not go to war to defend Treaty of Versailles
20
Q

The Sudetenland

A
  • Next on Hitler’s list (part of Czechoslovakia)
  • Benes (leader) asked Britain and France to promise to defend the Sudetenland
  • They reluctantly did
21
Q

The Sudetenland : Hitler Threatens War

A
  • 1938
  • Chamberlain flew to meet Hitler
  • Hitler moderated his demands
  • Demanded all of Sudetenland by 1st October (war)
  • British navy mobilised
  • War seemed imminent
22
Q

The Sudetenland : Munich Agreement

A
  • Mussolini brokered final meeting in Munich
  • Britain, France, Italy decided Sudetenland would be given to Germany
  • War averted
23
Q

The Sudetenland : ‘Peace in our Time’

A
  • Chamberlain returned to Hero’s welcome
  • Pledged not to go to War
  • Told people he had secured ‘peace in our time’
24
Q

Czechoslovakia: Chaos

A
  • Following Munich Agreement Czechoslovakia descended into chaos
  • German troops marched into Sudetenland in 1938
  • Hungary and Poland also helped themselves to parts of Czechoslovakia
25
Q

Czechoslovakia: Take-over

A
  • 1939 15th March
  • Took over ret of Czechoslovakia
  • Czechs realised had been abandoned and offered little resistance
26
Q

Czechoslovakia: Consequences

A
  • Policy of Appeasement lay in tatters
  • Hitler’s next target was Poland
  • Britain and France said would declare war if he invaded
  • Hitler did not believe them
27
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact : Stalin’s Fears

A
  • Stalin knew Hitler wanted to destroy Communism
  • Sought security by joining League
  • Signed Treaty with France in 1935 to protect each other
  • Stalin saw weakness in League during Abyssinian Crisis
  • Stalin saw weakness in France and Britain during Munich Conference
  • USSR, France, Britain held talks 1939 but failed to produce military alliance
  • Stalin felt vulnerable
28
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A
  • Ribbentrop (Nazi Foreign Minister) visited USSR in 1939
  • Signed Nazi-Soviet Pact
  • Promised not to attack each other
  • Agreed to split up Poland between themselves secretly
29
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact : Stalin

A
  • Gave him territory from Poland
  • Gave him time
  • Believed Hitler would betray him
  • Britain and France would fail to support him
  • Needed time to prepare to fight Germany alone
30
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact : Consequences

A
  • 1st September 1939
  • Germany invaded Poland
  • 3rd Britain and France declared war on Germany
31
Q

Was Policy of Appeasement Justified?

YES

A
  • Britain and other powers had more pressing concerns than Hitler
  • Rise of Stalin and USSR led to fears about spread of Communism
  • Stronger Germany would act as a buffer zone
  • Memories of terrible loss in WW1 were fresh in Britain and France
  • Another war had to be avoided
  • Britain and France had only begun rearming in 1935
  • Intelligence showed they were lagging behind Germany
  • Britain needed to play for time
  • Britain and France had inly won WW1 with help of USA
  • Britain would need support of Empire to defat Hitler
  • Grip on many colonies was weakening
  • Britain and other countries accepted that some terms of Treaty of Versailles were unreasonable
  • Could not a afford a war after the Depression and WW1
32
Q

Was the Policy of Appeasement Justified?

NO

A
  • Policy based in mistaken assumption that Hitler would be satisfied once he got what he wanted
  • Each success encouraged him to be more daring and aggressive
  • 1935 it was clear Germany was pursuing its massive rearmament plan
  • Hitler had put Germany on path to war
  • Hitler was a gambler and a risk taker
  • Needed to be stopped, longer left more powerful Nazi Germany became
  • Appeasement encouraged Hitler
  • Britain and France’s inactiveness In Abyssinia and Manchuria convinced Hitler he could get away with anything

History (4 decks)

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