Why Ecology Matters? Chapter 1

Question 1

Penguins never reached the Arctic

Answer 1

The tropical oceans from Barries (cross Arctic Ocean)

Question 2

What prevents dispersal movements?

Answer 2

Barriers (movements of an individual from birth place to a new place for breeding/reproduce

Question 3

What becomes s cornerstone of early naturalists view of how animals and last come to be?

Answer 3

Isolation/lack of dispersal

Question 4

Example of Isolation

Answer 4

We do to Africa to see giraffes and not to South America. Go to Australia to see kangaroos and not North America.

Question 5

Alfred Wallace (1876) outlines what?

Answer 5

Pattern of Distribution species on Earth with a classic view of the globe, divided into regions based mainly on mammals fauna.

Question 6

What did Wallace distinguish?

Answer 6

North America (Ne-arctic) from Eurasia (Pale-arctic).

He defined 4 other regions dividing mammals fauna
- South America (Oriental)
- Africa (Ethiopian)
- Australia
Indian Subcontinental (Oriental)

Question 7

The global view of distribution of life basis of what

Answer 7

• analysis of geographical distributions of animals, plants and microbes and starting pt for species range understanding.
• pattern written by isolation of continents leading to assembles of mammals
• starting pt to why certain species lives in specific regions
• what consequences might happen moving this species

Question 8

Why is problem with Evolution? and how can it be explained?

Answer 8

Evolution reduces different animals and plants in diff geo area, but how do we know hat these organisms could live in a different area?

Explained using TRANSPLANT EXPERIMENT.

Question 9

what is a transplant experiment?

Answer 9

Move organism to a new area. if it survives and reproduces, good evidence that the former distribution was restricted due to not dispersal enough.

Question 10

benefit of transplant for humans? not benefit?

Answer 10

benefit:
- most of our crops are introduced plant species (many pests transplants are accident)
- seeds caught in well or mice transported in hay (inspection and quarantine procedures) harmful to domestic animas and humans

not benefit:

• many pests are introduced species as well
• ecology of invasive species cost economic impact

Question 11

Pest species Introduced on purpose: 1st example

Answer 11

1) European Starling (Sturnus Vulgaris)
- spread entire USA and lot of Canada over 60 yrs
- April 1890
- considered a pest
- bold
- agressive
- attacks fruit crops
- displaces several bird species
- Original: Eurasia (Mediterran to Norway and Siberia)

Many Attempts Were Made *1st attempt in West Chester Pennsylvania, before 1850
*2nd attempt at Cincinnati, Ohio in 1872-73

April 1890: 80 birds released in Central Park by President of AAS, trying to introduce every bird specie mentioned in Shakespeare.

Next march: 80 more released

Took 10 years for staling to establish in New York City

Rapid expansion of Starling:

• irregular migrations
• wandering of non-breeding juvenile birds
• adult starling do not colonize new areas as the use same reeding area from year to year
• 3 million square miles colonized in 1st 50 years

Question 12

Pest species Introduced on purpose: 2nd example

Answer 12

2) CANE TOAD (rhinella marines)
- Central & South America from Mexico to Brazil
- introduced: 1930 to Caribbean and Pacific islands:
- belived to control scarab battles (pest of sugarcane)
- brought to Austrial in 1935 and failed to control pests and became pest itself

CANE TOADS have parotid glands with poison to cause cardiac arrest
- toads are poisonous and Humans who eat CANE TOAD EGGS died.
- these eat anything but insects
- females lay around 8-35,000 eggs 2x/years
- Because of their toxin and high reproductive rate, many do not eat them.
- must be breed in small ponds, so eliminate small water holes in Australia
Problem: water bodies have to be drained and these are on livestock lands and cause economic losses for landowners.

• Caused worry in 1990-2000 for predatory birds, reptiles, and mammals
• PREDATORS: Lizards, elapid snakes and crocodiles have been reduced by cane toad invasion.

Crocodile recovered by learning NOT to EAT cane toads.

Question 13

Examples of good transplants:

Answer 13

- agricultural crops
fishes (rainbow trout) 
- oncorhynchus mykiss 
- cool rivers and streams of NA
- everywhere except antartica
- rainbow trout can displace native brook trout in sOuthern Appaachians

Question 14

Finding about species introduction

Answer 14

• if more individuals of a species were introduces, the species more likely to survive and colonize island

Question 15

Cornerstone of a set of generalizations about invasive species intro

Answer 15

• more release = increase of success

Question 16

Small population face variety of chance events lead to extinctions, what are those

Answer 16

• bad weather

- predator attacks

Question 17

4 major steps of the invasion process

Answer 17

1) Transport
2) Establishment
3) Spread
4) Impact

Question 18

transplants of plants/animals into new places may fail for what 2 reasons:

Answer 18

1) biological environment eliminate new comers

2) physical- chemical environment lethal for organism to reproduce

Question 19

What may prevent establishment of species

Answer 19

Predators

Question 20

1) Common Mussels
2) Why do mussels disappear form protected waters?
3) Why are crabs and starfish uncommon in open coats where mussels are abundant?

Answer 20

1) Mytilus Edulis
- lives attached to rocks and along seas costs
- protected waters: mussels not there

2) mussels disappear from protected waters because they are eaten by 3 species of crabs and starfish
3) heavy wave action and mussels are safe there

Question 21

what happens of mussels transplants to protected waters inside a wire mesh cage?

Answer 21

They live as long as predators don’t get into the cage

Question 22

Expansion /Contraction of geographical ranges because of what?

Answer 22

Cimate change

Question 23

What triggered gradual warming of climate and distribution changes in rainfall

Answer 23

• Increase in CO2 and green house gases

Question 24

Combined anlaysis o 1,367 species around world

Answer 24

produce an average movement away from equator (18km)/ decade

Question 25

if climate factor only explanation for change sin geographical distributions, we expect all species to shift as climate warms?

Answer 25

Not the case

Range of factors

Question 26

Changes in disruptions happens?

Answer 26

1) is the species absent because it has not been able to move to an area (can’t disperse/disperse limitations)
2) is the species absent because it does not recognize the habitats as suitable
3) Do other species prevent colonization? Predators, pathogens, parastites
4) Limiting physical or chemical factors (temp, water, oxygen, soil, pH)?

Question 27

when can changes in distribution because of climate warming be accepted?

Answer 27

ONLY IF 1st 3 questions of changes in distribution carefully consider.

Question 28

Review this

Answer 28

The simple model for climatic limitation is that geographic ranges for all species should be shifting poleward. But, for example, in an analysis of 764 individual species from a variety of taxonomic groups, Chen et al. (2011) found that 22% of the species moved their ranges in an opposite di-rection from that predicted by this simple climate change model. One im-portant concept in work on changing climate is to map the rate at which climates are changing in relation to the movement of geographic range. VanDerWal et al. (2013) did this for 464 species of Australian birds over the time period 1950 to 2010. They measured the climatic zone in which each bird species lived. They then mapped the observed shift in this climate zone and compared it to the observed change in the same species distri-bution from bird observation records over the 60 years. The result was that species were shifting their ranges faster than climate was changing, so they could readily keep up with climate change in Australia. This does not of course mean that if climate shifts become faster this generalization will be correct. While many of the Australian birds were moving in the “cor-rect” direction with respect to climate change, some were not, and these species need additional study.

Question 29

Biological interaction such as _____ can affect distribution of a species

Answer 29

Competition

Question 30

May plants/microrganism use chemical warfare

Answer 30

to suppress possible neighbours that might harm them

Question 31

Example of Chemical Warfare:

Answer 31

• Penicillin, secretion of fungus

Soil fungus Penicillium excretes antibiotic to protect itself against bacteria.
Humans use this for protection against disease.

Question 32

Study of human disease is essentially study of

Answer 32

colonization (by micro-organism) of new environment (ppl)

Question 33

Many plants secret toxic chemicals that inhibit the plants or animals that try to feed on them. T or F

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Most of species we use in cooking evolves by plants to stop herbivores form eating them. T or F

Answer 34

True

Question 35

mangroves

Answer 35

• internal trees and shrubs that grow along coastlines in tropical warm temp
• grown in salt water
• sensitive to cold (good index of changes associated with ocean warming

Common species: Avicennia germinans

• changes are consistent with plower extension of temp threshold concident with sea level rise, although the specific mechanism of range extension might be compli-cated by limitations on dispersal.

Question 36

Conclusions

1) Changes in historic geographic ranges are now being caused by two main processes—

Answer 36

1) human introduc-tions and climate change.