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Human Structure & Function > Why do we breathe? > Flashcards

Why do we breathe? Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory System?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Regulation of Blood PH
  3. Voice Production
  4. Smell (Olfaction)
  5. Protection
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2
Q

What is the function of Respiration?

A
  • Ventilation= Movement of air in & out of lungs.
  • External Respiration= Gas exchange between lungs & blood.
  • Transport of respiratory gases.
  • Internal Respiration= Gas exchange between blood & tissues.
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3
Q

What are the divisions of the Respiratory System?

A 
-Structural Classification
oUpper respiratory tract
oLower respiratory tract
-Functional Classification
oConducting zone
oRespiratory zone (in lungs)
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4
Q

What does the Nasal Cavity consist of?

A 
NASAL CAVITY
=From nostrils (nares) to choana.
=Vestibule= Entry to nasal cavity.
-Stratified squamous epithelium, sweat & sebaceous glands & hair follicles.
=Hard Plate= Floor of nasal cavity.
-Bone.
=Septum= Separates nasal cavity into left & right parts.
-Cartilage & bone.
=Conchae= Bony “ridges” in nasal cavity.
-Superior, middle & inferior concha
-Superior, middle & inferior meatus
=Epithelium of concha (& most of the nasal cavity) is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
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5
Q

What are the functions of the Nasal Cavity?

A

-Passageway for air
-Cleans the air
-Humidifies and warms the air
=via warm blood flowing through nasal cavity.
=via moisture from mucous epithelium and excess tears which drain into nasal cavity.
-Olfaction (or smell)
-Sound of your voice

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6
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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7
Q

Describe the Nasopharynx

A
  • Posterior to nasal cavity
  • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
  • Houses openings of Eustachian tubes.
  • Posterior surface of nasopharynx has the pharyngeal tonsils.
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8
Q

Describe the Oropharynx

A
  • Posterior to oral cavity
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
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9
Q

Describe the Laryngopharynx

A
  • Lies posterior to epiglottis

- Stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What are the 6 Paired and 3 Unpaired Cartilages that make up the Larynx?

A 
6 paired
-Arytenoid
-Corniculate 
-Cuneiform
3 unpaired 
-Thyroid (Adam’s apple) 
-Cricoid 
-Epiglottis
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11
Q

What are the functions of the Larynx?

A
  • Maintains an open passageway for air movement
  • Directs food into the oesophagus away from respiratory tract
  • Sound production via vocal folds
  • Trap debris from entering lungs
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12
Q

Describe the Trachea (how many cartilage rings, type of lumen, whats between the cartilage rings)

A
  • Descends from the larynx and sits anterior to oesophagus.
  • Has 15-20 ‘C-shaped’ hyaline cartilage rings→support.
  • Dense connective tissue and smooth muscle in between cartilage rings.
  • Tracheal lumen lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (mucous producing).
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13
Q

When moving from the trachea to terminal bronchioles what changes happen?

A

-Increase in smooth muscle.
-Decrease in cartilage.
-Change in epithelium in lumen from pseudostratified ciliated columnar→
simple ciliated columnar→simple ciliated cuboidal.

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14
Q

On the Alveolus side what does it contain?

A 
=Simple squamous epithelium 
-Type 1 pneumocyte
-Gas exchange→simple diffusion 
-Type 2 pneumocytes 
-Cuboidal cell 
-Secretes a surfactant to reduce surface tension 
-Macrophages
=Basement membrane
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15
Q

What do the lungs consist of?

A

-Cone shaped with a base and apex
-Left lung has 2 lobes + cardiac notch
-Right lung has 3 lobes
-Lobes separated by fissures
-Hilum on medial surface – entry point for blood and nervous supply,
lymphatic vessels and bronchi
-Hilum
-Bronchopulmonary segments

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16
Q

What are the factors that affect Gas Exchange through the Respiratory Membrane and Explain?

A

1.Thickness of the respiratory membrane
=Thicker membrane reduces the rate of movement of gas.
2.Surface area
=Lower surface area reduces volume of gas exchange taking place.
3.Diffusion coefficient
=Diffusion coefficient – how easily a gas can diffuse in and out of a liquid or tissue.
=A relative number.
4.Partial pressure - pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases
=When the partial pressure (Pp) of a gas is greater on one side of the respiratory membrane compared to the other side, the gas moves from the side with the higher Pp to the side with the lower Pp.

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17
Q

How is Oxygen transported?

A
  • Red blood cells (haemoglobin) (98.5%)

- Dissolved in blood plasma (1.5%)

18
Q

What is Carbon Dioxide transported as?

A
  • HCO - dissolved in plasma (70%)
  • CO2 dissolved in plasma (7%)
  • Bound to haemoglobin (23%)
19
Q

What is Pulmonary Ventilation?

A

-Process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

20
Q

What are some structures involved in ventilation?

A 
Lungs 
Diaphragm 
Rib cage 
Sternum 
Intercostal muscles
21
Q

During inspiration what happens?

A
  • LUNGS: volume increases as it fills with air
  • DIAPHRAGM: moves inferiorly and flattens
  • RIB CAGE: elevated
  • STERNUM: elevated
  • INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: contract
22
Q

During expiration what happens?

A
  • LUNGS: volume decreases as air leaves
  • DIAPHRAGM: moves superiorly as it relaxes into its dome-shape
  • RIB CAGE: depresses
  • STERNUM: depresses
  • INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: relax
23
Q

What is Boyles Law?

A
  • Volume is inversely proportional to pressure

- Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

24
Q

What is Barometric air pressure?

A

(PB) – atmospheric air pressure outside the body

25
Q

What is Intra-Alveolar Pressure?

A

(Palv) – pressure inside the alveoli

26
Q

What is PB normally?

A

-PB is normally 760 mm Hg so will be equal to 0 mm Hg
=If Palv is 759mmHg, it will be equal to–1mmHg
=If Palv is 761mmHg, it will be equal to-1mmHg

27
Q

What is Intrapleural Pressure?

A

Pressure in the pleural cavity.

28
Q

What forces promote alveoli recoil and which promote lungs expansion?

A

-Forces which promote alveoli recoil:
=Alveoli are covered in fine elastic fibres.
=Fluid which coats alveoli.
-Surfactant.
-Forces which promotes lungs expansion:
=Intrapleural pressure < interalveolar pressure.
-Visceral pleura adhering to parietal pleura.

29
Q

Define Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume and Residual Volume.

A
  • Tidal Volume= The amount of air inspired or expired with each breath.
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume= The amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of the tidal volume.
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume= The amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume.
  • Residual Volume= The volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration.
30
Q

What is Pulmonary Capacities?

A

-The sum of two or more pulmonary volumes.

31
Q

Define Inspiratory Capacity, Functional Residual Capacity, Vital Capacity and Total Lung Capacity

A
  • Inspiratory capacity= The amount of air a person can inspire maximally after normal expiration (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume).
  • Functional residual capacity= The amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration (expiratory reserve volume + residual volume).
  • Vital capacity= The maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration (inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume).
  • Total lung capacity=Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume +residual volume.
32
Q

Define Respiratory Rate, Minute Ventilation (how do you calculate it) Anatomic Dead Space and Alveolar Ventilation.

A

-Respiratory rate – number of breaths taken per minute
-Minute ventilation – total amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory system each minute (tidal volume X respiratory rate)
=E.g. 500 ml X 12 breaths per minute = 6000 ml per minute
-Anatomic dead space – space formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
-Alveolar ventilation - volume of air available for gas exchange per minute

33
Q

Why do we measure lung function?

A
  • Diagnose and monitor diseases of the lungs

e. g. asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

34
Q

How do we measure lunch function?

A
  • Static versus dynamic

- Using a spirometer

35
Q

What do we measure when measuring lung function?

A

Lung volumes and capacities

36
Q

What is dynamic lung function?

A
  • Lung volume measurement in relation to time

- Vitalograph

37
Q

Define Forced Vital Capacity, Forced Expiratory Volume in 1sec and Forced Expiratory Volume 1%

A
  • Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)= Maximal volume of air that can be forcefully expired as fast as possible after a deep breath in.
  • Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1 sec)= The volume of air expired in the first second of the test.
  • Forced Expiratory Volume 1% (FEV1%)= FEV1sec expressed as a percentage of the FVC.
38
Q

What is Obstructive lung disease?

A
  • FVC: obstructive = normal
  • FEV1 sec: obstructive «< normal
  • FEV1%: obstructive «< normal
  • FEV1 sec is an indicator of an obstructed airway.

E.g. Asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

39
Q

What is Restrictive lung disease?

A

-FVC: restrictive«

40
Q

What does ventilation increase?

A

Abruptly
-Onset of exercise
-Movement of limbs has a strong influence
Increases gradually

41
Q

What exercise adaptations due to ventilation?

A
  • Slight increase in vital capacity
  • Slight decrease in residual volume
  • At maximal exercise, tidal volume and minute ventilation increases

Human Structure & Function (11 decks)

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