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Human Structure & Function > How do cells do what they do? > Flashcards

How do cells do what they do? Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Cell?

A

Structural & functional unit of all living things.

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2
Q

What are the functional characteristics of cells?

A
  1. Cell metabolism & energy use.
  2. Synthesis of molecules.
  3. Communication.
  4. Reproduction & inheritance.
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3
Q

What is the function of the Plasma Membrane-Cell Membrane?

A
  • Encloses & supports cellular contents.
  • Controls what goes into and out of the cell.
  • Role in inter-cellular (cell-cell) communication.
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4
Q

What is the structure of the Plasma Membrane-Cell Membrane?

A 
-Lipid bilayer (phospholipid bilayer & cholesterol) make up 45-50%.
→Provide flexibility to cell.
-Carbohydrates (4-8%)
-Proteins (45-50%)
-Glycocalyx (outer surface of cell membrane)
→Glycoproteins (Carbs + Proteins)
→Glycolipids (Carbs + Lipids)
→Carbohydrates
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5
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A
  • Cellular fluid material outside nucleus but within boundaries of plasma membrane.
  • Contains organelles + cytosol
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6
Q

What is the Cytosol?

A

-Fluid portion of cytoplasm (ions + proteins in water).

→Cytoplasmic inclusions- Aggregates of chemicals.

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7
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A 
-Supports cell & its organelles.
→Responsible for changes to shape of cell & movement of its organelles.
-Microtubules
-Microfilaments
-Intermediate filaments
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8
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A
  • Control centre of cell.

- DNA in nucleus carries code for structural & functional characteristics of cell.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the Nucleus?

A
  • Nuclear envelope- A bilayer membrane surrounding nucleus. Porous.
  • Nucleoplasm.
  • Nucleolus- Primarily produces ribosomes.
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10
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

-Site of protein synthesis.

→Nucleolus, nucleus & cytoplasm.

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11
Q

What is the structure of Ribosomes?

A
  • Composed of two subunits: large & small.

- Free ribosomes & membrane bound ribosomes.

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12
Q

What is the function of Rough & Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

-Rough ER
→Synthesis & modifications of proteins.
-Smooth ER
→Site of lipid, steroid & carbs synthesis.
→Detoxification of harmful substances.
→Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

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13
Q

What is the structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • Flattened, interconnecting sacs & tubules.
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum- with ribosomes.
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum-without ribosomes.
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14
Q

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modifies, packages & distributes proteins & lipids that are made in rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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15
Q

What is the structure of Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • Flattened membranous sacs, with cisternae.

- Secretory vesicles.

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16
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A
  • Cells demolition crew.

- Digestions of molecules that are no longer needed by the cell.

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17
Q

What is the structure of Lysosomes?

A
  • Membrane-bound vesicles that form at Golgi apparatus.

- Contains enzymes within them.

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18
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

-Powerplants of a cell.
-ATP production & supply.
→Currency unit for energy

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19
Q

What is the structure of the Mitochondria?

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Intermembrane space
  • Inner membrane
  • Matrix
  • Change shape continuously

-Has its own genetic material→reproduce itself.

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20
Q

What is the function of Centrioles?

A

Cell division

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21
Q

What is the structure of Centrioles?

A
  • Barrel-shaped organelle orientated at right angles to each other.
  • Wall of centrioles composed of microtubules.
  • Two centrioles can be found in centrosome (cells centre).
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22
Q

What is the function of Cilia?

A

Movement of substances across the surface of cells.

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23
Q

What is the structure of Cilia?

A

Whip-like, motile cellular extensions which project from outer surfaces of certain cells.

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24
Q

What is the function of Flagella?

A

Motility

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25
Q

What is the structure of Flagella?

A
  • Longer than cilia.
  • Found on sperm cells only.
  • Move the actual cell itself.
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26
Q

What is the function of Microvilli?

A

Increases cells surface area.

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27
Q

What is the structure of Microvilli?

A
  • Extensions of plasma membrane.

- Non-motile.

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28
Q

What is Histology & its aims?

A
  • The study of tissue.

- Aims to understand micro-anatomy of cells, tissues & organs.

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29
Q

What is Haematoxylin & Eosin (H&E)

A
  • The most common type of stain.

- H stains nuclei purple and other structures are stained pink by E.

30
Q

What are the Primary Tissues & what do they do?

A
  1. Epithelial – covers
  2. Connective – support
  3. Muscle – movement
  4. Nervous – control
31
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue, what does it do and what does it form?

A
  • Made up of epithelial cells packed together.
  • Covers and protects (inside and outside the body)
  • Forms boundaries between environments e.g. in epidermis of skin, the epithelial tissue covers and protects the body as well as acting as a boundary between internal and external environments
32
Q

What are the types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Covering- covers body
  2. Lining- lines cavities e.g. cavities of respiratory and digestive systems
  3. Glandular- forms lining inside glands e.g. sweat or salivary glands)
33
Q

What are the distinct cell surfaces in epithelial tissue?

A
  • Free surface (not attached to any other cells)
  • Lateral surface (side- usually attached to another epithelial cell)
  • Basal surfaces (thin, supporting sheet made of proteins secreted by epithelial cells above it) – this attached epithelial cells to underlying tissue (is a filter for epithelium and supports and guides cell migration when tissue is damaged)
34
Q

Is Epithelial Tissue Avascular & Innervated?

A
  • Epithelial tissue is AVASCULAR (no direct supply of blood vessels) – gets blood from underlying tissue layer (diffuses through basal membrane)
  • Is INERVATED- has nerve supply
  • Has the ability to regenerate (divide and produce new cells)
35
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue classified on?

A
  • Classified on number cells and the shape of cells.

- Some have cell surface modifications- cilia (movement) and microvilli (absorption).

36
Q

What are the cell types of Epithelial Tissue?

A
  1. SIMPLE: single layer of cells.
  2. STRATIFIED: more than one cell layers often w/ different shapes from lowest
    (basement membrane) to top (usually cube flattened).
  3. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED: one layer that looks like more layers.
37
Q

What are the cell shapes of Epithelial Tissue?

A
  1. SQUAMOUS: thin, flat cells from side view.
  2. CUBODIAL: cube shaped (appear square) w/ large, round, nucleus.
  3. COLUMNAR: tall w/ ovoid nucleus towards base.
  4. TRANSITIONAL: change shape from columnar to cuboidal (found only in BLADDER and URETERS – allows for expansion).
38
Q

What is Simple Squamous Epithelium?

A
  • Single layer, flattened cells w/ sparse cytoplasm.
  • For diffusion, filtration and some secretion.
  • Found in alveoli of lungs (quick gas diffusion from blood to lungs), kidney glomeruli (filter blood), serous membranes of pleura, pericardium and peritoneum (secrete fluids).
39
Q

What is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

A
  • Single layer, cubed shaped.
  • Some have microvilli or cilia.
  • Absorption, secretion and movement.
  • Found in kidney tubules (secretion and absorption) and terminal bronchioles (cilia move mucus).
40
Q

What is Simple Columnar Epithelium?

A
  • Single layer, tall/column w/ ovoid nuclei.
  • Some have cilia.
  • Absorption, secretion and movement.
  • Found intestines (absorb nutrients), stomach (secrete mucus), fallopian tubes (movement ovum in reproductive tract), lungs (move debris/unwanted particles out of bronchioles).
41
Q

What is Traditional Epithelium?

A

-Accommodate changes in fluid volume of organs.
-One state= unstretched and tall, other state= stretched and flattened.
-Found in urinary bladder, ureter and upper part of urethra.
oWhen empty= stratified cuboidal.
oWhen full= stratified squamous.

42
Q

What is Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A
  • Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and become progressively flatter (squamous) towards surface – several layers of cell.
  • Can be keratinized (tough, waterproof) or non-keratinized (not as tough).
  • Protects against abrasion and H2O loss (in dry environment).
  • Keratinized in sole of feet, palm of hands, skin.
  • Non-keratinized in mouth (movement of food), oesophagus, vagina (sex), anus (movement of faeces)  places w/ lots of friction.
  • Many layers= if one layer comes off, still various layers underneath to protect tissue.
43
Q

What is Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

A
  • Several layers cubed-shaped cells, nucleus in middle (round).
  • Rare tissue.
  • Absorption (may have villi), secretion (cube=plump can make secretions, flat cannot), protection (many layers).
  • Found in sweat gland ducts, ducts salivary glands, developing ovum.
44
Q

What is Stratified Columnar Epithelium?

A
  • Several layers, column shaped.
  • Rare tissue.
  • Secretion (tall) and protection.
  • Ducts of mammary glands, parts male urethra, larynx.
45
Q

What is Pseudo-Stratified Columnar Epithelium?

A
  • One layer, column shaped cells (different heights)- try look for nuclei.
  • Cells are ciliated.
  • Secretion and movement.
  • Found in pharynx & trachea (secrete mucus to trap debris – cilia move it out), male’s sperm carrying ducts (secretions for sperm maturation, cilia move out of reproductive system).
46
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A

Most abundant & widely distributed primary tissue in the body.

47
Q

What is the function of Connective Tissue?

A

Connects & binds together, supports, strengthens, protects, insulates, compartmentalise, transports & provides energy.

48
Q

Where is Connective Tissue located?

A

All organs & parts of the body but amount varies.

49
Q

What is the composition of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Cells-produce extracellular matrix.
  2. Ground substance-ECM
  3. Fibres-ECM
50
Q

Where are the cells of Connective Tissue & what do the do?

A
  1. Adipose Cells- Energy & cushioning.
  2. Fibroblasts- Secrete fibres & ground substance.
  3. Mast Cells- Immunity.
  4. White Blood Cells- Repair injury & fight off infection.
  5. Macrophages- Phagocytose foreign molecules.
51
Q

What are ground substance of Connective Tissue?

A

Fills spaces between cells of connective tissue and the space where fibres are suspended.

52
Q

What are the fibres of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Collagen fibres
  2. Elastic fibres
  3. Reticular fibres
53
Q

What are the classes of Connective Tissue?

A
  • Connective tissue proper.
  • Divided into dense & loose forms.
  • Dense= Regular, irregular & elastic.
  • Loose= Areolar, adipose & reticular.
54
Q

In the loose class of Connective Tissue what is the function & location of Areolar?

A

Function
-Loose packing, support & binding of the tissues.
Location
-Widely distributed throughout the body.

55
Q

In the loose class of Connective Tissue what is the function & location of Adipose?

A 
Function
-Nutrient storing ability.
-Shock absorption & protections
-Insulation.
Location
-Fat beneath the skin.
56
Q

In the loose class of Connective Tissue what is the function & location of Reticular?

A

Function
-Forms framework to support free blood cells.
Location
-Spleen, bone marrow & lymph nodes.

57
Q

In the dense class of Connective Tissue what is the function & location of Regular?

A

Function
-Attachment.
Location
-Tendons & most ligaments.

58
Q

In the dense class of Connective Tissue what is the function & location of Irregular?

A

Function
-Provides strength & stretching.
Location
-Skins dermis, fibrous coverings surrounding bones, cartilages, muscles & nerves.

59
Q

In the dense class of Connective Tissue what is the function & location of Elastic?

A

Function
-Has high recoil & strength.
Location
-Walls of arteries & ligaments between spinal vertebrae.

60
Q

What is Cartilage?

A
  • Made of cartilage cells within a rigid matrix.

- Avascular & not innervated.

61
Q

What is the function of Cartilage?

A

Provides protection, flexibility, rigidity & capable of withstanding pressure.

62
Q

What are the Cartilage types & their locations?

A
  • Hyaline C- Most abundant & found in rib cage, trachea, articulating surfaces of bone & nose.
  • Fibrocartilage- Found intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis.
  • Elastic cartilage- Found in ear & epiglottis.
63
Q

What does bone do & what is it composed of?

A
  • Supports & protects body structures.
  • Composed of cells & matrix.
  • Osteocytes (bone cells) reside in lacunae.
64
Q

What are the types of bone?

A
  • Spongy: Found at ends of long bone, sternum, vertebrae & pelvis.
  • Compact: Found in shaft of long bone & makes up outer portions of all bones.
65
Q

What is blood as a tissue?

A
  • A typical connective tissue in that it doesn’t provide support or connect anything.
  • Mostly red blood cells & scattered white blood cells & platelets.
  • Transports nutrients, wastes & respiratory gases around the body.
66
Q

What is Muscular Tissue?

A

-Highly cellular, well vascularised & responsible for most body movement.
Types: Skeletal, cardiac & smooth.

67
Q

What is Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Muscles attached to the bones of skeleton.
  • Muscle cells are called muscle fibres.
  • Straited muscle.
  • Mostly voluntary control but involuntary movements can occur eg: twitching.
68
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Only found in the walls of the heart, where it is responsible for pumping blood around the body.
  • Straited muscle with intercalated disks.
  • Involuntary control.
69
Q

What is Smooth Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Mainly in walls of hollow organs (stomach, bladder ect).
  • No striations & single nucleus per muscle cell.
  • Involuntary control.
70
Q

What is Nervous Tissue?

A
  • Brain, spinal cord and nerves.
  • Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system.
  • Neurons (nerve cells).
  • Supporting cells (neuroglia).
71
Q

What are Neurons comprised of?

A

Cell body- Soma
Dendrites-Input of information
Axon-Conductions/transmitting information

Human Structure & Function (11 decks)

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