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Geography > Why do Cliffs Need Protecting? > Flashcards

Why do Cliffs Need Protecting? Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hard engineering when it is used to protect the coast?

A

Hard engineering is when we use expensive manmade structures to protect the coast from erosion.

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2
Q

What is soft engineering when used to protect the coast?

A

Soft engineering is when we work with the natural environment to protect the coast

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of a hard engineering method to protect the coast

A

A seawall
Rock armour
Grognes

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4
Q

What are the advantages of a sea wall?

A
  1. Effective in protecting the coast
  2. People can still use the beach
  3. Helps prevent flooding of the land
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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of hard engineering a sea wall to protect the coast?

A
  1. Very expensive
  2. Ugly
  3. It doesn’t last long before it needs replaced
  4. It has a knock on effect for other places
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6
Q

What are the advantages of rock armour as a method of hard engineering to protect the coast?

A
  1. Lasts a long time

2. Effective

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of rock armour as a method of hard engineering to protect the coast?

A
  1. It is expensive
  2. It is ugly
  3. May prevent use of the beach
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8
Q

What are the advantages of groynes as a method of hard engineering to protect the coast?

A
  1. Cheap
  2. Effective
  3. You can still use the beach
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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of groynes as a method of hard engineering to protect the coast?

A
  1. It doesn’t last long

2. Knock on effect

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of soft engineering to protect the coast line

A
  1. Beach nourishment

2. Sand dune regeneration

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11
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment as a method of soft engineering to protect the coast?

A
  1. Natural rather than man-made
  2. Cheap
  3. Helps keep channels deep
  4. Looks natural
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment as a method of soft engineering to protect the coast?

A
  1. Not environmentally friendly

2. Doesn’t last long

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13
Q

What are the advantages of sand dune regeneration as a method of soft engineering to protect the coast?

A
  1. Cheaper

2. Looks natural

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment as a method of soft engineering to protect the coast?

A
  1. Takes a long time
  2. Can be easily destroyed by people
  3. Can be washed away by storms
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15
Q

What might a hypothesis be for conducting a coastal enquiry?

A

The further away from the sea you are the larger the sediment is.

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16
Q

What would you investigate if you had the hypothesis that the further away from the sea you were the larger the sediment?

A

You would investigate the size of the sediment further away from the sea compared to closer to the sea

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17
Q

As part of you risk assessment for the investigation of the sediment size, name 3 hazards and 3 mitigations.

A 
Hazard = Sunburn   Mitigation= wear sun cream
Hazard = downing Mitigation= don’t go in the water
Hazard = twist you ankle Mitigation = wear sensible 👠
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18
Q

Discuss your experimental plan for determining whether the sediment size differs at different distances from the sea

A
  1. Create a transact- a line of survey marked between two ranging poles along which information can be collected a regular intervals.
  2. Measure a small sample instead of everything. The sample must be chosen scientifically so that it is a selection of data which will represent the area of interest.
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19
Q

Where would the ranging poles be put so the the data collection was accurate?

A

I would be ranging poles from the top of the beach to the bottom of the beach and then I would measure a sample of sediment every 10 metres, starting at the top pole and continuing until the bottom pole.

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20
Q

How could you made the sediment collection more accurate?

A

Use a quadrant taking one piece of sediment from each square

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21
Q

What equipment would you need for the sediment assessment experiment?

A

Ruler
Measuring tape
Ranging poles
Quadrant

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22
Q

What kind of graph would you use to present the results of your sediment size experiment?

A

A line graph would be good

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23
Q

What analysis would you do on you sediment size experiment?

A

You would assess and describe what you have found, explains the graph and results clearly.

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24
Q

What is the conclusion of an experiment?

A

This is where you link your findings with your original aim.

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25
Q

What is the purpose of evaluation in an experiment?

A

Allows you to improve the investigation.

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26
Q

What is a spit?

A

A spit is a long thin ridge of sediment going into the sea that often bends or hooks.

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27
Q

How are spits formed?

A

Spits are formed when the coast changes direction but the shoreline continues in a straight line away from the coast.

It dumps material into the sea until a line of this material is sticking out away from the beach.

28
Q

What makes spits sometimes bend or hook?

A

After the material is dumped into the sea, the waves often force it to bend or hook round.

29
Q

Which part of the spit may eventually become land?

A

The water behind the spit becomes marshy and may eventually become land.

30
Q

Name 3 depositional land forms?

A
  1. Spit
  2. Tombolo
  3. Bar
31
Q

Draw and label the diagram with 3 parts that show the formation of a spit.

A

Part 1: the coastline changes direction but longshore drift continues in a straight line away from the coast. It dumps sediment into the sea.

Part 2: longshore drift continues to dump sediment into the sea until a line of it is sticking out away from the coast it came from.

Part 3: longshore drift continues to dump sediment but may be pushed by the waves to form a bend or hook shape. The water behind the spit still has material dumped in it so it can become a marsh and eventually land.

32
Q

What is a tombolo?

A

A tombolo is when a spit joins to an island

33
Q

When is a tombolo formed?

A

A tombolo is formed when longshore drift continues and deposits material into the sea until it reaches an island joining the mainland to the island. The water behind the spit may become marshy and may eventually become land.

34
Q

Sketch a picture of a tombolo

A

A long spit from the mainland to an island

35
Q

What is the depositional landform know as a bar?

A

A bar is when a spit joins to another mainland

36
Q

What is the water behind the bar called?

A

A lagoon on

37
Q

Give one example of where a bar is formed in this part of the world where you windsurf

A

Between Weymouth and the Isle of Portland

38
Q

What is the beach called between Weymouth and the Isle of Portland?

A

Chesil beach

39
Q

What is the name of the lagoon behind Chesil beach which forms a bar between Weymouth and the Isle of Portland

A

The Fleet (lagoon)

40
Q

When is a bar formed?

A

A bar is formed when longshore drift continues and deposits material into the sea, like the formation of a tombolo, but joining the mainline to another piece of mainland. The water behind the bar is called a lagoon.

41
Q

Draw and label a picture of the bar formed between Weymouth and the Isle of Portland.

A

Labels

  1. the Fleet Lagoon
  2. Chesil beach
  3. Weymouth
  4. Isle of Portland
42
Q

Draw a picture of a tombolo

A

Long spit attached to an island

43
Q

What is the difference between abrasion and attrition?

A

Attrition is when the rocks band together and get smoother and rounder whereas abrasion is where the rocks grind against the cliff end like sandpaper

44
Q

Explain the formation of a beach

A

A beach is created by the process of deposition. This occurs when waves loose energy. The swash of constructive waves is stronger than the back wash therefore deposited material builds up to form the beach

45
Q

Name some coastal landforms that you might use to label a diagram

A 
Cliff
Cave
Wave cut notch
Headlands
Arch
Split or crack
Wave cut platform
Stump
46
Q

If you are describing a picture of a beach, what sort of things might you pick out?

A

Sand and rock beach
Very flat
Long beach
Narrower at one side

47
Q

If you are asked to describe landforms that are in a picture, what sort of things might you say?

A

There are 2 headlands
Cliffs clearly marking where they meet the sea
Partly visible inlet between the headlands
2 smaller outcrops - stumps

48
Q

When you get a describe question in geography what should you do?

A

Look very carefully at the picture and describe everything you see using the terminology you have learned in geography. You should go through the terms you know for coast, for example, and ask yourself if that feature is there.

49
Q

Name 3 aspects of physical geography and one environmental

A

Sky, mountain and water are all physical

Trees are environment

50
Q

Name two types of coastal défense not already mentioned. Label these on a diagram.

A
  1. Revetment

2. Rock armour

51
Q

What is rock armour?

A

Riprap, also known as rip rap, shot rock, rock armour or rubble, is rock or other material used to armour shorelines, streambeds or other shoreline structures against scour and water or ice erosion.

Common rock types include granite and limestone.

They are large boulders

52
Q

What is revetment?

A

Similar to a seawall, it is a shore parallel structure at the transition between the low lying sandy beach and the higher mainland or dune.

53
Q

What is the difference between a seawall and a revetment.

A

A revetment is, just as a seawall, a shore parallel structure. The main difference is that it is more sloping

54
Q

Why does a seawall not last very long?

A

Waves bounce off the wall and scour the beach, removing material from the wall in the process

55
Q

What are the knock on effects of grognes?

A

Because they starve the other beaches of sediment which builds up around the grounds

56
Q

How does rock armour work to protect the coastline?

A

Large boulders absorb wave energy and reduce the power of the waves

57
Q

What are the disadvantages of rock armour or rip rap?

A

Strong waves can move or undermine the boulders

58
Q

What are the advantages of grognes?

A
  1. Helps stop longshore drift moving material along the coast
  2. Traps sediment and builds up beaches
59
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment?

A
  1. Adding more sand or shingle widens the beach and waves lose power travel across it.
  2. It looks natural
60
Q

What is the disadvantage of beach nourishment?

A

It does last very long

61
Q

What are the advantages of a managed retreat as a method of soft engineering to protect the coastline?

A
  1. Land becomes marsh, slowing waves and reducing erosion

2. Creates new habitats

62
Q

What are the disadvantages of a managed retreat as a method of soft engineering to protect the coastline?

A

Land is lost

63
Q

The way the coast is managed causes conflict. There are two types of coastal management. Explain what they are.

A

Hard engineering: this involves building structures to protect the coast

Soft engineering: this involves working with nature by using natural materials or allowing nature to take back areas.

64
Q

Coasts are important for many different reasons and for different groups of people. Give some examples of what they provide.

A

Places to live
Places to relax e.g. leisure and tourism
Places to work e.g. fishing, ports and power stations
Wildlife habitats
Beautiful scenery
Educational value, e.g. geology and natural history

65
Q

If the coasts are not protected what can happen?

A 
Houses destroyed
Land lost
Fishing industry affected
Tourism affected
Fresh water supplies polluted
66
Q

What makes problems of erosion and flooding of our coastlines worse?

A

Climate change

Geography (5 decks)

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