Why did reformers want to reform parliament before 1832? Flashcards
What was the general opinion held by the increasing middle class?
The merchants and manufacturing groups felt under-represented in parliament.
What had the Catholic Emancipation Act of 19829 done?
It had weakened and split the tory party enabling pro-reform Whigs to form a government. The success of the Catholic Association in forcing the government to reform also encouraged those wanting reform of parliament, it proved well organised and direct pressure could be successful.
What did the downturn in the economy mean?
It hit both agriculture and industry: there were widespread protests against irregular employment and low wages.
What was happening in rural areas?
In rural areas there were Captain Swing protests after the name on threatening letters to landowners. Even though the violence had dies down by 1831, the outbreaks of violence had been alarming enough to convince many Whigs that moderate reform was the best way to avoid revolution.
Examples of unrest in industrial areas.
Manchester and Oldham In May 1831 the whole area of around Merthyr Tydfil was in rebellion against wage cuts and unemplyment;
What happened to the protests in industrial areas?
The army was sent in to restore order, resulting in deaths, arrests and punishments of ‘ringleaders’ by transportation and hanging.
What did poor harvests do?
1829-30 caused more hardship for the working classes in both the countryside and industrial areas.
What groups were inspired by the Catholic Association?
Pro-reform organisations were set up, such as the Birmingham Political Union (BPU) formed by Thomas Attwood. Other cities followed suit and these organised themselves into a nationwide movement called the National Polticial Union, winning the support both of the middle classes and working classes.
When was there a short revolution in France?
July 1830
What happened in France in July 1830?
The unpopular King Charles X was overthrown and replaced by King Louis Philippe. Main effect was to send shockwaves through many of the ruling classes, again prompting many to consider reform as a way of preventing revolution.
What was the attitude of King William IV?
He was prepared to go along with some moderate changes.
How did many supporters of the parliamentary system feel about change?
Did not think it needed changing despite its many problems. Many of those benefitted from the system worried reform would affect them. There was also a fear that some reform would not be enough, and once it begun, calls for more change would increase, and that campaigners would not be satisfied until they had achieved full democracy.
What did Peel and Wellington say about reform?
Peel said ‘ I was unwilling to open a door which I saw no prospect of being able to close’ Wellington too feared ‘opening the floodgates’ of reform which could eventually lead to universal suffrage. Landowners also feared that the Commons would become more powerful than the Lords and would be dominated by the middle classes.
