Whole Body Fuctional Anatomy

Question 1

Chair Rise (2)

Answer 1

1) Move centre of mass forward

2) Lift Centre of mass

Question 2

Breakdown of Chair Raise (5)

Answer 2

1 )Hip flexibility/mobility

2) Eccentric and concentric strength of hip extensors
3) Concentric strength of knee extensors
4) Isometric/concentric strength of plantar flexors (in bent-knee position)
5) Correct timing of muscle activations: hip flexion → knee extension → hip extension → spinal stabilisation

Question 3

Damping

Answer 3

Decrease in oscillation amplitude as energy is lost/removed from the system

So more cross-bridges active = more damping

Damping is significant when muscles are active, reducing vibration amplitudes

‘Muscle tuning’ (correct muscle activation amplitude) may effectively minimise vibrations and protect against injury

So monitoring for fatigue, and building fatigue resistance, are keys for injury prevention

Question 4

Vibration – Technological Assistance

Answer 4

Compression garments may reduce tissue oscillation and thus reduce muscle activation requirement

Question 5

Vibration – Effect of Bare Feet

Answer 5

Foot structure store-release ~17 J of energy in a step (body = ~100 J)…also slows rate of force rise

Reduces vibration transmission

Question 6

Vibration – Occupational Exposure

Answer 6

Increased musculoskeletal disorders (including back and neck pain), digestive problems, headaches, nephropathy (pain, tingling), and possibly cardiovascular and cancer (prostate?)

Question 7

Walking gait (arm swing)

Answer 7

Small amount of shoulder flexion/extension

Question 8

Walking gait (leg motion)

Answer 8

Relatively straight, but slight flexion at “toes” to allow recovering leg to clear the ground

Slight knee flexion upon ground contract time in front of body

Plantar flexion at toe off propulsive leg

heel-toe pattern

Question 9

Walking gait (muscles)

Answer 9

Plantar flexors
Soleus
Gastrocnemius

Question 10

Walking gait (double support phase)

Answer 10

Less variation in force than a single leg

Less force
Less acceleration of the body
Less energy input

Question 11

Running gait (arm swing)

Answer 11

Flexed at elbows
Faster arm swing in sync with foot strike
leg swing and ground reaction force

Question 12

Running gait (Efficiency of running)

Answer 12

• Increase in force trace
• increase energy
• increase vertical ground reaction compared to walkin

Question 13

Running gait (Leg Motion)

Answer 13

Faster leg swing with more flexion than walking

• Reduced moment of inertia
• Increase angular velocity (angular impulse)

Question 14

Running gait ( Muscles used)

Answer 14

• Knee extensors and plantaflexor strength

- Hip abductors reducing lateral pelvic drop

Question 15

Sprinting gait ( Arm motion)

Answer 15

Arms flexed at elbows

• Vigorous arm swing coordinated with foot strike
• propulsion “drives” down and back
• causing lift and forward propulsion of newtons law of action teaction

Question 16

Sprinting ( Leg motion)

Answer 16

Fast leg swing

• reduced moment of inertia
• rapid accelerate leg towards ground generate ground reaction force (hip extensors vital)

Question 17

Sprinting ( Efficiency of sprinting)

Answer 17

• Less impact peak
• greater peak force
• Greater energy cost

Question 18

Sprinting ( Muscles used)

Answer 18

• planta flexor (absorbs then produced in ground contract)
• Hip abductor and other pelvis stalisers
• shoulder, chest and back muscles work to drive arms
• Spinal muscles and diaphragm stablise spine to minimize movement ( energy loss between both limbs)

Question 19

When we run the ground impact force should create massive vibrations in our soft tissues with travel up toward the head. However, vibrations are relatively smaller than expected and do not seem to reach the head. This is largely because:

Answer 19

The active muscles dampen the vibration, converting vibrational energy to heat energy for removal

Question 20

The following statement is true of walking, jogging and fast running (sprinting):

Answer 20

Both the peak ankle moment/torque and power are higher at the ankle joint than hip or knee in all forms of gait

Question 21

During sprint running, the rectus femoris muscle may be at relative high risk of injury (especially compared to other knee extensor muscles) because:

Answer 21

As a biarticular muscle it may be stretched at the early swing phase of running whilst it contributes to hip flexion moment/torque

Question 22

Whilst in walking the role of arm swing is largely to counteract (oppose) the rotational moments/torques produced by the swing of the legs, in sprint running a main benefit of vigorous arm swing is:

Answer 22

To propel the body upwards and forwards into the next stride, in addition to helping to reduce rotations in the body