White Blood Cells- Normal and Malignant

Question 1

What does a full blood count give information on?

Answer 1

Haemoglobin

Haematocrit

MCV

RBC count

Mean cell Hb

Platelets numbers and size distribution

WBC

Question 2

What is the basic process of FBC instruments?

Answer 2

Particle counters

Question 3

What is the ratio of RBC to WBC/

Answer 3

500:1

Question 4

How does an instrument do automated WBC counting?

Answer 4

Creates a grid of fluorescence with the y axis and level of granulation (side scatter) on x axis

Question 5

What does flow cytometry show?

Answer 5

Show lymphoid and myeloid populations and degree of cell maturity

Question 6

What does cytogenetics look at?

Answer 6

Metaphase analysis and florescent in-situ hybdridisaiton

Question 7

What does a bone marrow examination look for?

Answer 7

To assess number and type of normal/abnormal cells

Question 8

What is the “stem cell” of blood components?

Answer 8

Hemopoietic cells

Question 9

Where are haemopotetic cells found in adults?

Answer 9

Bone marrow

Question 10

What are neutrophils?

Answer 10

Non specific antigen recognition white blood cell

Ingest bacteria and kill bacteria by granules

Rise as cute response to bacterial infection, inflammation and malignancy

Question 11

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 11

Neutrophils migrate to source due to response

Question 12

What is the most common WBC in the blood?

Answer 12

Neutrophils

Question 13

Describe eosinophils?

Answer 13

Granulocyte

Response to helminth infection

Chemokines attract them to specific tissues

Question 14

What do granules contain in eosinophils?

Answer 14

Major basic protein and reactive oxygen species

Question 15

When are eosinophils seen?

Answer 15

Atopy

e.g eczema, asthma and hayfever

Hodgkin’s disease, chronic myeloid leukaemia

Question 16

What percentage of total WBC does eosinophils make up?

Answer 16

1-6%

Question 17

When are basophils seen?

Answer 17

Allergic reactions

Question 18

What is the cell surface receptor of basophils?

Answer 18

IgE

Question 19

What do basophil granules contain?

Answer 19

Histamine

Leukotrienes

Proteases

Heparin

Question 20

What is anaphylaxis?

Answer 20

Severe allergic reaction

Question 21

What percentage of lymphocytes make up WBC?

Answer 21

20-40%

Question 22

What percentage of WBC monocytes/macrophages make up?

Answer 22

5-10%

Question 23

What is contained in granules of monocytes/macrophages?

Answer 23

Hydrolases

Myeloperoxidase

Question 24

What is contained in granules of neutrophils?

Answer 24

Lysozyme

Peroxidase

Question 25

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 25

Ingest material and present peptides to T-cells

Question 26

What is the role of monocytes?

Answer 26

Kill mycobacteria and fungi and intracellular organisms

Question 27

In what age group does chronic myeloid leukaemia occur?

Answer 27

All

Question 28

What are the symptoms of CML?

Answer 28

Anaemia Large spleen High WBC and platelet count Bone pain

Question 29

What are the cytogenetics of CML?

Answer 29

Philadelphia chromosome Chromosome 9 and 22 have switched- reciprocal translocation Switched at area BCR-ABL gene

Question 30

What is the outcome of the Philadelphia chromosome?

Answer 30

Production of tyrosine kinase

Question 31

What is the function of imatinib?

Answer 31

Blocks process of tyrosine kinase to stop cell differentiation and proliferation

Question 32

What is the treatment of AML?

Answer 32

Chemotherapy to produce marrow aplasia

Question 33

What is marrow aplasia?

Answer 33

cessation of the production of blood cells

Question 34

What problems arise from using chemotherapy as a treatment?

Answer 34

Infections Bleeding Psychological Venous access

Question 35

What is an increase in bleeding and infections caused by when using chemotherapy?

Answer 35

Neutropenia, mucosal damage Thrombocytopenia