Genetic and Enviromental Causes of Disease

Question 1

What are the four causes of disease?

Answer 1

Genetic

Environmental

Combination-multifactorial

Unkown

Question 2

How can we identify the cause of disease?

Answer 2

Laboratory studies

Family studies

Epidemiology

Question 3

What is epidemiology?

Answer 3

The branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

Question 4

What is heritability?

Answer 4

The extent that observed differences are due to genes

Question 5

What is heritability scored out of?

Answer 5

0.0-1.0

Question 6

When is a heritability a score of 1?

Answer 6

When the disease is only affected by genes

Question 7

What 4 things can cause traits to run in the family?

Answer 7

Genes

Social learning

Operant conditioning

Chance

Question 8

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 8

Reinforcement through positive and negative discipline

Question 9

What is social learning?

Answer 9

Watching and learning from parents/ surroundings

Question 10

What heritable conditions are easily changeable?

Answer 10

Vision

Mental retardation due to Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 11

How does PKU cause mental retardation?

Answer 11

The body cannot metabolise phenylalanine

As phenylalanine increases in the blood it saturates the receptors of over amino acids, stopping them getting to the brain

Question 12

How do we treat PKU?

Answer 12

Phenylalanine free diet

Question 13

What four things can measure heritability?

Answer 13

Family studies

Twin studies

Adoption studies

Migrant studies

Question 14

What is monozygotic twin?

Answer 14

Share genes and enviroment

Question 15

What is dizygotic twin?

Answer 15

Twins share same environment but share the same amount of genetic information as any other sibling

Question 16

Where do mz twins come from

Answer 16

Same egg and sperm, split very early in development

Question 17

Where do dz twins come from?

Answer 17

Different eggs and different sperms

Question 18

What are twin studies?

Answer 18

Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins

Question 19

What are family studies?

Answer 19

Family studies is an area of psychological study and research that examines how individuals change and grow and how those changes interact within the family matrix

Question 20

What are some potential problems with twin studies?

Answer 20

Mz twins share more environment than dz twins

Mz twins mat not have shared the same uterine environment

Question 21

What factors increase incidence of a disease in migrants over time?

Answer 21

Unavoidable environmental factors

Then later potentially avoidable factors

Question 22

What does not increase the incidence of disease in migrants?

Answer 22

Genetic factors

Question 23

What is heritability’s subscript?

Answer 23

H2

Question 24

What is phenotype calculated by?

Answer 24

genes + environment + (genes x environment)

Question 25

What are the different infectious agents?

Answer 25

Bacteria Viruses Fungi Yeast Protozoa Parasites Prions Tropism

Question 26

What is E.coli and salmonella an example of?

Answer 26

Bacteria

Question 27

What type of cell is a fungus?

Answer 27

Eukaryotic

Question 28

Example of protozoa?

Answer 28

Malaria

Question 29

What is prion?

Answer 29

Protein only

Question 30

What is tropism?

Answer 30

Coming from a host

Question 31

Where does shingles come from?

Answer 31

Chicken pox virus latent onset by hiding dorsal root ganglia nerves

Question 32

What are the different modes of transmission?

Answer 32

Droplet Faeco-oral Venereal Blood Water Food Vectors/fomites Horizontal Vertical Zoonoses Nosocmial

Question 33

Example of droplet

Answer 33

Legionnaires

Question 34

Example of faeco-oral

Answer 34

Rotavirus

Question 35

Example of venereal

Answer 35

Chlamydia

Question 36

Example of water

Answer 36

Cholera

Question 37

Example of food

Answer 37

Salmonella

Question 38

Example of vectors

Answer 38

Mosquito

Question 39

What is the definition of zoonoses?

Answer 39

Passing of disease through animal- rabies

Question 40

What is nosocomial?

Answer 40

Healthcare associated infections

Question 41

What different diseases is smoking with and why?

Answer 41

Lung cancer- mutagenic COPD bronchitis- inflammation Ischaemic heart disease- damage to nicotinic receptors Narrowing of arteries through endothelial damage Intrauterine growth retardation- carbon monoxide levels

Question 42

What does a moderate amount of alcohol consumption lead to?

Answer 42

Increases number of HDL HDL transport cholesterol to liver for excretion Also red wine may contain anti-oxidants

Question 43

What does a large amount of alcohol consumption lead to?

Answer 43

Cirrhosis

Question 44

What is acetaldehyde?

Answer 44

By product of alcohol metabolism that causes carcinogenesis in liver and oesophagus

Question 45

What does an increase in oestrogen lead to?

Answer 45

Breast cancer

Question 46

How does alcohol metabolism effect NAD levels?

Answer 46

Cause decrease which increases synthesis of lipids and deposition of fat in liver

Question 47

What does asbestos do?

Answer 47

Effects mesothelioma

Question 48

What can dust increase the effects of?

Answer 48

Asthma Hayfever

Question 49

What other things can affect diseases?

Answer 49

Drugs Food

Question 50

What are the three different types of injury from physical agents?

Answer 50

Mechanical injury Thermal injury Radiation

Question 51

Example of thermal injury

Answer 51

Hypothermia Fever Burn

Question 52

Example of radiation

Answer 52

Ionising Non-ionising

Question 53

What are the different presentations of sickle cell anaemia?

Answer 53

Normal- HbA HbA Basically ok- HbA HbS Sickle cell HbS HbS

Question 54

Why do heterozygotes carries of sickle cell anaemia gene more immune to malaria?

Answer 54

Parasite growth decreased because of low concentration of oxygen