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MD2001 Week 3 > Genetic and Enviromental Causes of Disease > Flashcards

Genetic and Enviromental Causes of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four causes of disease?

A

Genetic

Environmental

Combination-multifactorial

Unkown

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2
Q

How can we identify the cause of disease?

A

Laboratory studies

Family studies

Epidemiology

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3
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

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4
Q

What is heritability?

A

The extent that observed differences are due to genes

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5
Q

What is heritability scored out of?

A

0.0-1.0

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6
Q

When is a heritability a score of 1?

A

When the disease is only affected by genes

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7
Q

What 4 things can cause traits to run in the family?

A

Genes

Social learning

Operant conditioning

Chance

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Reinforcement through positive and negative discipline

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9
Q

What is social learning?

A

Watching and learning from parents/ surroundings

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10
Q

What heritable conditions are easily changeable?

A

Vision

Mental retardation due to Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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11
Q

How does PKU cause mental retardation?

A

The body cannot metabolise phenylalanine

As phenylalanine increases in the blood it saturates the receptors of over amino acids, stopping them getting to the brain

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12
Q

How do we treat PKU?

A

Phenylalanine free diet

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13
Q

What four things can measure heritability?

A

Family studies

Twin studies

Adoption studies

Migrant studies

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14
Q

What is monozygotic twin?

A

Share genes and enviroment

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15
Q

What is dizygotic twin?

A

Twins share same environment but share the same amount of genetic information as any other sibling

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16
Q

Where do mz twins come from

A

Same egg and sperm, split very early in development

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17
Q

Where do dz twins come from?

A

Different eggs and different sperms

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18
Q

What are twin studies?

A

Twin studies are studies conducted on identical or fraternal twins

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19
Q

What are family studies?

A

Family studies is an area of psychological study and research that examines how individuals change and grow and how those changes interact within the family matrix

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20
Q

What are some potential problems with twin studies?

A

Mz twins share more environment than dz twins

Mz twins mat not have shared the same uterine environment

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21
Q

What factors increase incidence of a disease in migrants over time?

A

Unavoidable environmental factors

Then later potentially avoidable factors

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22
Q

What does not increase the incidence of disease in migrants?

A

Genetic factors

23
Q

What is heritability’s subscript?

A

H2

24
Q

What is phenotype calculated by?

A

genes + environment + (genes x environment)

25
Q

What are the different infectious agents?

A

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Yeast

Protozoa

Parasites

Prions

Tropism

26
Q

What is E.coli and salmonella an example of?

A

Bacteria

27
Q

What type of cell is a fungus?

A

Eukaryotic

28
Q

Example of protozoa?

A

Malaria

29
Q

What is prion?

A

Protein only

30
Q

What is tropism?

A

Coming from a host

31
Q

Where does shingles come from?

A

Chicken pox virus latent onset by hiding dorsal root ganglia nerves

32
Q

What are the different modes of transmission?

A

Droplet

Faeco-oral

Venereal

Blood

Water

Food

Vectors/fomites

Horizontal

Vertical

Zoonoses

Nosocmial

33
Q

Example of droplet

A

Legionnaires

34
Q

Example of faeco-oral

A

Rotavirus

35
Q

Example of venereal

A

Chlamydia

36
Q

Example of water

A

Cholera

37
Q

Example of food

A

Salmonella

38
Q

Example of vectors

A

Mosquito

39
Q

What is the definition of zoonoses?

A

Passing of disease through animal- rabies

40
Q

What is nosocomial?

A

Healthcare associated infections

41
Q

What different diseases is smoking with and why?

A

Lung cancer- mutagenic

COPD bronchitis- inflammation

Ischaemic heart disease- damage to nicotinic receptors

Narrowing of arteries through endothelial damage

Intrauterine growth retardation- carbon monoxide levels

42
Q

What does a moderate amount of alcohol consumption lead to?

A

Increases number of HDL

HDL transport cholesterol to liver for excretion

Also red wine may contain anti-oxidants

43
Q

What does a large amount of alcohol consumption lead to?

A

Cirrhosis

44
Q

What is acetaldehyde?

A

By product of alcohol metabolism that causes carcinogenesis in liver and oesophagus

45
Q

What does an increase in oestrogen lead to?

A

Breast cancer

46
Q

How does alcohol metabolism effect NAD levels?

A

Cause decrease which increases synthesis of lipids and deposition of fat in liver

47
Q

What does asbestos do?

A

Effects mesothelioma

48
Q

What can dust increase the effects of?

A

Asthma

Hayfever

49
Q

What other things can affect diseases?

A

Drugs

Food

50
Q

What are the three different types of injury from physical agents?

A

Mechanical injury

Thermal injury

Radiation

51
Q

Example of thermal injury

A

Hypothermia

Fever

Burn

52
Q

Example of radiation

A

Ionising

Non-ionising

53
Q

What are the different presentations of sickle cell anaemia?

A

Normal- HbA HbA

Basically ok- HbA HbS

Sickle cell HbS HbS

54
Q

Why do heterozygotes carries of sickle cell anaemia gene more immune to malaria?

A

Parasite growth decreased because of low concentration of oxygen

MD2001 Week 3 (8 decks)

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