Blood Vessels and Lymphatics

Question 1

What are the three layers in the blood vessels?

Answer 1

Tunica interna or intima

Tunic media

Tunica externa or adventitia

Question 2

Describe tunica interna

Answer 2

Endothelium and connective tissue

Question 3

Describe tunic media

Answer 3

Muscle and connective tissue

Question 4

Describe tunica externa

Answer 4

Tunica externa or adventitia

Question 5

What lines the tunica interna?

Answer 5

Lined by simple squamous epithelium

Question 6

What does the endothelium release to constrict the smooth muscle wall?

Answer 6

Endothelin

Question 7

What does the endothelium sit on?

Answer 7

Basal lamina

Question 8

In larger arteries, what is the basal lamina also known as?

Answer 8

Internal elastic membrane

Question 9

What is the tunica media composed of?

Answer 9

Concentric layers of helically arranged smooth muscle cells

Varying amounts of elastic fibres

Question 10

What is the thickest layer of arteries?

Answer 10

Tunica media

Thicker in arteries than veins

Question 11

What does contraction of the tunica media result in?

Answer 11

Increase in blood pressure

Question 12

What composes the tunica externa?

Answer 12

Sheath of longitudinally oriented connective tissue composed of primarily of collagen type 1 fibres

Question 13

What is the thickest layer of veins?

Answer 13

Tunica externa

Question 14

What are the branches of the vascular tree?

Answer 14

Elastic arteries

Muscular arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Medium veins

Large veins

Question 15

Where are the biggest arteries?

Answer 15

Coming out of the heart

Question 16

What happens to elastic arteries during contraction?

Answer 16

Expand during systole then recoil during diastole, which helps drive blood onwards

Question 17

What is the main blood vessel that comes out of the heart?

Answer 17

Aorta

Question 18

What artery sends blood to the lungs?

Answer 18

Pulmonary trunk

Question 19

What is the function of muscular arteries?

Answer 19

Control distribution of blood to regions and organs

Regulate blood flow by constriction or relaxation of their walls

Question 20

What can vasodilation of muscular arteries do?

Answer 20

If an artery is occluded, the ones lying near can relax along collateral supply to the ischaemic area

Question 21

What are the branches of ascending aorta?

Answer 21

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

Question 22

What does the brachiocephalic trunk split into?

Answer 22

R. common carotid artery

R. subclavian artery

Question 23

What do the right and left common carotid arteries split into?

Answer 23

External and internal carotid arteries

Question 24

What features to the external and internal carotid arteries supply with blood?

Answer 24

Ext- Face and superficial structures

Int- Brain

Question 25

What are the arteries in the upper limb?

Answer 25

Subclavian Axillary Brachial Radial Ulnar

Question 26

What is an anastomosis?

Answer 26

When two arteries come together

Question 27

What are the arteries in the hand?

Answer 27

Deep and superficial palmar arches

Question 28

What are the branches of the descending aorta?

Answer 28

Abdominal aorta Renal 2x Common iliac arteries Plus some more

Question 29

What do the common iliac arteries split into?

Answer 29

Internal and external iliac arteries

Question 30

What does the internal iliac artery supply?

Answer 30

Pelvis

Question 31

Where is the femoral artery found?

Answer 31

Femoral triangle

Question 32

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

Answer 32

Femoral artery, vein and nerve

Question 33

What are the arteries of the leg?

Answer 33

Common iliac Internal iliac External iliac Femoral Deep femoral-profundis femoris Anterior tibial Popliteal Fibular Posterior tibial

Question 34

Describe arterioles

Answer 34

Arteries that have a diameter less than 0.5mm

Question 35

Describe metarterioles

Answer 35

Same diameter as capillaries but with one layer of smooth muscle cells in their walls

Question 36

Describe capillaries

Answer 36

Tube of endothelium only

Question 37

What do capillaries allow an exchange of?

Answer 37

Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Hormones

Question 38

What is the diameter of capillaries?

Answer 38

7-9 micrometers

Question 39

What muscle cells are found in capillaries?

Answer 39

Pericytes Allows for very small contraction

Question 40

What regulates the control of blood flow through capillaries?

Answer 40

Pre-capillary sphincter

Question 41

What are the three types of capillaries?

Answer 41

Continous Fenestrated Sinusoid

Question 42

Describe continuous capillaries?

Answer 42

No gaps

Question 43

Describe fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 43

Capillary with small windows

Question 44

Describe sinusoid capillaries?

Answer 44

Holes large enough to fit whole cells through

Question 45

What percentage of blood is kept in the venous system?

Answer 45

70%

Question 46

What cells can pass through veins and what is this called?

Answer 46

Leukocytes Diapedesis

Question 47

How do valves work?

Answer 47

Between heart contractions, blood fills in the sacs around the valve to prevent back flow

Question 48

What are venae comitantes?

Answer 48

Veins surrounding arteries so when a pulsation travels through the arteries, the blood is also moved in the veins

Question 49

What are vascular occlusion caused by?

Answer 49

Thrombus from plaques of atheroma

Question 50

What is the direction of venous blood flow?

Answer 50

Superficial to deep via perforating veins

Question 51

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?

Answer 51

Great and short saphenous

Question 52

What is varicose veins caused by?

Answer 52

Build up of blood in the superficial veins due to lack of movement in deep veins

Question 53

How can muscle help venous movement?

Answer 53

By the muscle contracting, it pushes the blood between valves

Question 54

What are the two veins of the UL?

Answer 54

Cephalic Basilic Median cubital vein

Question 55

What are the veins in the abdomen?

Answer 55

Inferior vena cava

Question 56

What are the veins from the head?

Answer 56

Jugular Brachiocephalic Superior vena cava

Question 57

What veins drain the back?

Answer 57

Azygous vein

Question 58

What are the large veins from the gut?

Answer 58

Hepatic portal vein

Question 59

What is the movement of blood from the gut?

Answer 59

Blood travels from the gut to the hepatic portal vein which takes the venous blood through the liver before it joins the IVC

Question 60

What supplies the tissues of the vessels with blood?

Answer 60

Vasa vasorum

Question 61

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

Answer 61

Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Thymus Spleen Intestinal wall

Question 62

What is the function of lymph nodes?

Answer 62

Helps drain interstitial fluid and pass it back into the blood stream

Question 63

What is interstitial fluid?

Answer 63

Fluid located between the cells of a structure

Question 64

What are four group of lymph nodes?

Answer 64

Superficial inguinal Deep inguinal Axillary Cervical

Question 65

What are superficial inguinal lymph nodes associated with?

Answer 65

Great saphenous node

Question 66

What are deep inguinal lymph nodes associated with?

Answer 66

Femoral vein

Question 67

What are axillary lymph nodes associated with?

Answer 67

Axillary vein and artery

Question 68

What do the axillary lymph nodes drain?

Answer 68

Drain upper limb, anterior ad posterior thoracic walls Upper abdominal wall Breast

Question 69

What do the superficial and deep lymph nodes drain?

Answer 69

Drain head and neck structures

Question 70

Which nodes communicate with axillary nodes?

Answer 70

Deep cervical

Question 71

What is the largest lymph vessel?

Answer 71

Thoracic duct

Question 72

Where does the thoracic duct open at?

Answer 72

Junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins