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MD2001 Week 3 > Blood Vessels and Lymphatics > Flashcards

Blood Vessels and Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers in the blood vessels?

A

Tunica interna or intima

Tunic media

Tunica externa or adventitia

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2
Q

Describe tunica interna

A

Endothelium and connective tissue

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3
Q

Describe tunic media

A

Muscle and connective tissue

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4
Q

Describe tunica externa

A

Tunica externa or adventitia

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5
Q

What lines the tunica interna?

A

Lined by simple squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What does the endothelium release to constrict the smooth muscle wall?

A

Endothelin

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7
Q

What does the endothelium sit on?

A

Basal lamina

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8
Q

In larger arteries, what is the basal lamina also known as?

A

Internal elastic membrane

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9
Q

What is the tunica media composed of?

A

Concentric layers of helically arranged smooth muscle cells

Varying amounts of elastic fibres

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10
Q

What is the thickest layer of arteries?

A

Tunica media

Thicker in arteries than veins

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11
Q

What does contraction of the tunica media result in?

A

Increase in blood pressure

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12
Q

What composes the tunica externa?

A

Sheath of longitudinally oriented connective tissue composed of primarily of collagen type 1 fibres

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13
Q

What is the thickest layer of veins?

A

Tunica externa

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14
Q

What are the branches of the vascular tree?

A

Elastic arteries

Muscular arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Medium veins

Large veins

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15
Q

Where are the biggest arteries?

A

Coming out of the heart

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16
Q

What happens to elastic arteries during contraction?

A

Expand during systole then recoil during diastole, which helps drive blood onwards

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17
Q

What is the main blood vessel that comes out of the heart?

A

Aorta

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18
Q

What artery sends blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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19
Q

What is the function of muscular arteries?

A

Control distribution of blood to regions and organs

Regulate blood flow by constriction or relaxation of their walls

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20
Q

What can vasodilation of muscular arteries do?

A

If an artery is occluded, the ones lying near can relax along collateral supply to the ischaemic area

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21
Q

What are the branches of ascending aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

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22
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk split into?

A

R. common carotid artery

R. subclavian artery

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23
Q

What do the right and left common carotid arteries split into?

A

External and internal carotid arteries

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24
Q

What features to the external and internal carotid arteries supply with blood?

A

Ext- Face and superficial structures

Int- Brain

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25
Q

What are the arteries in the upper limb?

A

Subclavian

Axillary

Brachial

Radial

Ulnar

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26
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

When two arteries come together

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27
Q

What are the arteries in the hand?

A

Deep and superficial palmar arches

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28
Q

What are the branches of the descending aorta?

A

Abdominal aorta

Renal

2x Common iliac arteries

Plus some more

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29
Q

What do the common iliac arteries split into?

A

Internal and external iliac arteries

30
Q

What does the internal iliac artery supply?

A

Pelvis

31
Q

Where is the femoral artery found?

A

Femoral triangle

32
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral artery, vein and nerve

33
Q

What are the arteries of the leg?

A

Common iliac

Internal iliac

External iliac

Femoral

Deep femoral-profundis femoris

Anterior tibial

Popliteal

Fibular

Posterior tibial

34
Q

Describe arterioles

A

Arteries that have a diameter less than 0.5mm

35
Q

Describe metarterioles

A

Same diameter as capillaries but with one layer of smooth muscle cells in their walls

36
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Tube of endothelium only

37
Q

What do capillaries allow an exchange of?

A

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Hormones

38
Q

What is the diameter of capillaries?

A

7-9 micrometers

39
Q

What muscle cells are found in capillaries?

A

Pericytes

Allows for very small contraction

40
Q

What regulates the control of blood flow through capillaries?

A

Pre-capillary sphincter

41
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continous

Fenestrated

Sinusoid

42
Q

Describe continuous capillaries?

A

No gaps

43
Q

Describe fenestrated capillaries?

A

Capillary with small windows

44
Q

Describe sinusoid capillaries?

A

Holes large enough to fit whole cells through

45
Q

What percentage of blood is kept in the venous system?

A

70%

46
Q

What cells can pass through veins and what is this called?

A

Leukocytes

Diapedesis

47
Q

How do valves work?

A

Between heart contractions, blood fills in the sacs around the valve to prevent back flow

48
Q

What are venae comitantes?

A

Veins surrounding arteries so when a pulsation travels through the arteries, the blood is also moved in the veins

49
Q

What are vascular occlusion caused by?

A

Thrombus from plaques of atheroma

50
Q

What is the direction of venous blood flow?

A

Superficial to deep via perforating veins

51
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great and short saphenous

52
Q

What is varicose veins caused by?

A

Build up of blood in the superficial veins due to lack of movement in deep veins

53
Q

How can muscle help venous movement?

A

By the muscle contracting, it pushes the blood between valves

54
Q

What are the two veins of the UL?

A

Cephalic

Basilic

Median cubital vein

55
Q

What are the veins in the abdomen?

A

Inferior vena cava

56
Q

What are the veins from the head?

A

Jugular

Brachiocephalic

Superior vena cava

57
Q

What veins drain the back?

A

Azygous vein

58
Q

What are the large veins from the gut?

A

Hepatic portal vein

59
Q

What is the movement of blood from the gut?

A

Blood travels from the gut to the hepatic portal vein which takes the venous blood through the liver before it joins the IVC

60
Q

What supplies the tissues of the vessels with blood?

A

Vasa vasorum

61
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph vessels

Lymph nodes

Tonsils

Thymus

Spleen

Intestinal wall

62
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Helps drain interstitial fluid and pass it back into the blood stream

63
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid located between the cells of a structure

64
Q

What are four group of lymph nodes?

A

Superficial inguinal

Deep inguinal

Axillary

Cervical

65
Q

What are superficial inguinal lymph nodes associated with?

A

Great saphenous node

66
Q

What are deep inguinal lymph nodes associated with?

A

Femoral vein

67
Q

What are axillary lymph nodes associated with?

A

Axillary vein and artery

68
Q

What do the axillary lymph nodes drain?

A

Drain upper limb, anterior ad posterior thoracic walls

Upper abdominal wall

Breast

69
Q

What do the superficial and deep lymph nodes drain?

A

Drain head and neck structures

70
Q

Which nodes communicate with axillary nodes?

A

Deep cervical

71
Q

What is the largest lymph vessel?

A

Thoracic duct

72
Q

Where does the thoracic duct open at?

A

Junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins

MD2001 Week 3 (8 decks)

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