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POM > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are granulocytes?

A

Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils

They have granules in them

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2
Q

What gives rise to granulocytes

A

Multipotent haematopoietic stem cells give rise to myeloblasts
Myeloblasts can mature into any granulocyte as well as monocytes and macrophages

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3
Q

What is production of granulocytes controlled by?

A

Growth factors:
CSF= Colony stimulating factor
G-CSF= granulocyte colony stimulating factor
M-CSF= macrophage colony stimulating factor
GM-CSF= granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor

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4
Q

What is the role of neutrophils and how long do they survive for?

A

Survive for 7-10 hours in circulation before going to tissues
Defend against infection by phagocytosis and killing microorganisms

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5
Q

How do neutrophils get to the site of inflammation?

A

Move to site of inflammation by chemotaxis- inflammatory mediators are released.
These have a gradient: neutrophils move to an area of high concentration of mediators
Neutrophils attach to endothelium of blood vessel and migrate into tissue where inflammation is

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6
Q

What are neutrophils exposed to?

A

Neutrophils are exposed to cytokines (inflammatory mediators) in a process called cytokine priming so they can start to phagocytose organisms

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7
Q

What do neutrophils look like?

A

2-5 uneven lobed of nucleus which are connected

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8
Q

How long do eosinophils spend in circulation in comparison to neutrophils?

A

less time than neutrophils

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9
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Defend against parasitic infection

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10
Q

What does an eosinophil look like?

A

2-3 connected equal size lobes

Cytoplasmic granules in bright pink

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11
Q

What is the role of basophils?

A

Role in allergic response and other immune/inflammatory response

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12
Q

What do basophil granules contain?

A

Histamine, Heparin and proteolytic enzymes

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13
Q

What gives rise to monocytes?

A

Myeloid stem cells give rise to monocyte precursors which give rise to monocytes
Monocytes are precursors of macrophages

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14
Q

How long do monocytes spend in circulation?

A

Several days

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15
Q

What do monocytes develop into?

A

Develop into macrophages and other specialised cells when they migrate into tissues

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16
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Have phagocytic and scavenging function
Store and release iron
Present antigens to lymphoid cells i.e. B and T cells

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17
Q

What is leucopenia?

A

A reduction in white cells

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18
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Too few neutrophils

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19
Q

What can cause neutropenia?

A

Can occur after chemotherapy and radiography
Can be a result of autoimmune disorders, severe bacterial infections, certain viral infections and some drugs e.g. anticonvulsants and antipsychotic drugs and some antimalarials

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20
Q

In what ethnicities is benign ethnic neutropenia normal in?

A

African or Afro-Caribbean

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21
Q

What are the consequences of a low neutrophil count?

A

increased risk of infection- needs urgent treatment with IV antibiotics

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22
Q

What is lymphopenia?

A

Too few lymphocytes

23
Q

What are causes of lymphopenia?

A

HIV, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, steroids

Can also occur temporarily in severe infection

24
Q

What gives rise to lymphocytes?

A

Lymphoid stem cells gives rise to T, B and NK cells

25
Q

Where do lymphocytes circulate?

A

Circulate between lymph nodes, tissue and blood

26
Q

How long do lymphocytes live for?

A

Lifespan varies

27
Q

What do B lymphocytes mature into?

A

Plasma cells

28
Q

What gives rise to B cells

A

Progenitor B cells give rise to pre B cells which give rise to mature B cells

29
Q

What does maturation of B cells require?

A

Requires exposure to antigens in lymph nodes and lymph tissue- leads to production of specific Igs and antibodies

30
Q

What is the role of T cells?

A

Involved in cell mediated immunity

31
Q

What happens when T cells mature?

A

T cell develops CD4 and CD8 cell surface markers

32
Q

What are CD4+ cells?

A

They’re T helper cells. They produce cytokines and activate monocytic macrophage system and promote synthesis of antibodies

33
Q

What are CD8+ cells?

A

There cytotoxic T cells. They destroy virus infected cells through binding of T cell receptor

34
Q

What is the role of a natural killer cell?

A

Can kill tumour cells and virus infected cells

35
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Too many white blood cells: includes neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia and basophilia

36
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

Too many neutrophils

37
Q

What are causes of neutrophilia?

A

Infection, inflammation, tissue damage, myeloproliferative neoplasms (cancer of too many WBCs)
MITI

38
Q

Where may neutrophilia be seen commonly?

A

In pregnant women after administration of corticosteroids

39
Q

How can sudden neutrophilia be caused?

A

Marginal neutrophils attached to endothelium can go back into blood vessel. This may be accompanied with toxic changes and left shift

40
Q

What is left shift?

A

increase in non-segmented neutrophils- more immature neutrophils in blood

41
Q

What is toxic granulation?

A

Heavy granulation of neutrophils

42
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

Too many eosinophils

43
Q

When does eosinophilia occur?

A

In parasitic infections and in allergy

44
Q

In what conditions can eosinophilia occur?

A

Can occur is leukaemia, asthma and in response to drugs

45
Q

What is basophilia?

A

Too many basophils

46
Q

When might basophilia occur?

A

It is rare but may occur in leukaemia

47
Q

What is monocytosis?

A

Too many monocytes

48
Q

What causes monocytosis?

A

Infection, chronic inflammation, severe leukaemia

49
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Too many lymphocytes

50
Q

Why does lymphocytosis occur?

A

May be a temporary response to viral infections- results in atypical lymphocytes
If chronic it can cause leukaemia CML
Mononucleosis (glandular fever) can cause it
Large irregular WBCs on blood film

51
Q

Whats a common cause of lymphocytosis in kids?

A

Whooping cough (bordella petussis)

52
Q

What do basophils look like?

A

Have blue cytoplasmic granules

Have a lobed nucleus

53
Q

What does a monocyte look like?

A

Has an indented nucleus and pale granules in cytoplasm

54
Q

What does a lymphocyte look like?

A

Small cells with a spherical nucleus and little cytoplasm

POM (48 decks)

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