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White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. They are called granulocytes as they have granules in the cytoplasm that contain substances essential for phagocytosis.

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2
Q

What are monocytes

A

Precursors of tissue macrophages which are derived from myeloid progenitor cells.

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3
Q

What is the function of neutrophil granulocytes

A

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis , killing of phagocytosis bacteria

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4
Q

Function of monocytes and macrophages

A

Chemotaxis , phagocytosis, killing of microbes and antigen presentation

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5
Q

Function of eosinophil granulocytes

A

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis , killing of phagocytosed bacteria, defence against parasitic infection

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6
Q

Function of basophils granulocytes

A

Mediation of immediate-type hypersensitivity and modulation of inflammatory responses by releasing heparin and proteases

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7
Q

Function of lymphocytes

A

Humoral and cellular immunity

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8
Q

How does a monocyte form

A

MSC forms myeloblast which then forms granulocytes and monocytes

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9
Q

G-CSF

A

Granulocyte colony - stimulating factor

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10
Q

M-CSF

A

Macrophages colony stimulating factor

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11
Q

GM-CSF

A

Granulocyte macrophages stimulating factor

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12
Q

Normal granulocyte maturation

A

Myeloblast - promyelocyte-myelocyte- band form- neutrophil . Apart from neutrophil , other cells should only be present in the bone marrow

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13
Q

How can you recognise myeloblasts

A

Large size, open chromatin pattern of nuclei and prominent nucleoli

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14
Q

What happens to appearance of granulocytes as they mature

A

Reduction in cell size and addition of granules that are essential for cell function

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15
Q

What is the appearance of a neutrophil

A

The nucleus of the cell is segmented ( lobulated)

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16
Q

How do neutrophils carry out phagocytosis

A

Become marinated in vessel lumen, adhere to the endothelium and then migrate to the tissues. Follows chemotaxis ( based on toxic acidic substances released by the pathogen) . Kills PHAGOCYTOSED bacteria

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17
Q

Appearance of eosinophil

A

Characterised by bright red colour. Spend less time in circulation than neutrophils ( neutrophils spend 7-10 hrs in circulation )

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18
Q

What do the granules of basophils contain

A

Histamine ( inflammatory response ) and heparin ( anticoagulant)

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19
Q

What do monocytes do

A

Monocytes present antigens to lymphoid cells. Monocytes migrate to tissues where they develop into macrophages ( also known as histocytes) and other specialised cells that have a phagocytic and scavenging function. Macrophages also store and release iron

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20
Q

What do lymphocytes differentiate into

A

T cells, B cells and NK cells

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21
Q

Role of B lymphocytes

A

Mature into plasma cells and produce antibodies

22
Q

How can you distinguish a plasma cell

A

Their nucleus is towards the edge of the cell

23
Q

What do T lymphocytes do

A

Involved in cell mediated immunity. t helper cells produce cytokines such as interpherons which then activate macrophage and B cell synthesis

24
Q

What do NK cells do

A

They are part of innate immune system. They kill tumour cells and virus infected cells

25
Q

What are the diseases , neutrophilia, lymphocytosis , monocytes is , eosinophilia and basophilia example of ?

A

Leucocytosis ( too many white cells )

26
Q

What is the name given to the condition that results in a reduction of the number of white cells ?

A

Neutropenia and lymphopenia

27
Q

Causes of neutrophillia

A

Infection ( particularly bacterial) , inflammation , infarction or other tissue damage, CML, pregnancy and following exercise

28
Q

What is Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ( CML)

A

Example of a myeloproliferative neoplasm ( where too many rbc or wbc or platelets are made which may cause problems for blood flow). Increase in all granulocytes in blood and bone marrow. Genetic . Gives cell a growth and survival advantage which gives rise to a leukaemic clone.

29
Q

How can CML be treated

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors which inhibits the BCR-ABL1 protein signals between cell surface and nucleus. Disease also results in an enlarged spleen.

30
Q

What is neutropenia

A

Too few neutrophils

31
Q

What can cause neutropenia

A

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, autoimmune diseases ( bacterial, viral and drugs - anticonvulsant antipsychotic and some antimalarials) , African or Afro-Caribbean history.

32
Q

Treatment for neutropenia

A

Need urgent treat,ent either intravenous antibiotics as they are at high risk of infection.

33
Q

Abnormalities in neutrophils in neutropenia

A

Normal neutrophils should have 3-5 segments but there is hypersegmentation which is an increase in the number of lobes. This usually results from a lack of vitamin B12 or Folic acid ( cells are able able to grow but unable to divide -megoblastic anaemia)

34
Q

What does left shift mean

A

Increase in non-segmented neutrophils or that there are neutrophil precursors in blood

35
Q

What is eosinophilia and what causes it

A

Too many eosinophils. Usually due to allergy or parasitic infection. Can occur in leukemia.

36
Q

What is basophilia and what causes it

A

Too many basophils and uncommon but mainly due to leukemia or related condition

37
Q

What is lymphocytosis

A

Too many lymphocytes

38
Q

What causes lymphocytosis

A

Often as a response to viral infection ( transient) of can result from lymphoproliferative disorders such as lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia ( persistent)

39
Q

Give an example of a disease which is an imp cause if lymphocytosis in children

A

Bordatella pertussis ( whooping cough)

40
Q

What happens to the the lymphocytes during lymphocytosis due to viral infection

A

Lymphocytes is in the middle and has intensely basophilic cytoplasm
Scalloped margins and hugging of surrounding RBC’s

41
Q

What is the most common cause of persistent lymphocytosis in the elderly

A

Chronic lymphocytic eukaemia

42
Q

What is leukemia

A

Cancer originating in haemopoietic or lymphoid cells

43
Q

Difference between acute and chronic lymphoid leukaemia

A

In acute = increase in very immature cells (lymphoblasts) and these do not develop into mature cells
Acute are very sudden and severe in onset- If untreated disease is aggressive and patients die quickly

In chronic= the leukemic cells are mature although abnormal T cells B cells or NK cells.

In both bone marrow is infiltrated with immature lymphoblasts resulting in impaired haemopoiesis , lymphoblasts circulate in peripheral blood

44
Q

What are the haematological features of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

A

Leukocytosis with lymphoblasts in blood, anaemia ( normocytic and normochromic) , neutropenia , thrombocytopenia ( low platelet count) , replacement of normal bone marrow cells by lymphoblasts

45
Q

What does thrombocytopenia do

A

Cause bruising

46
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment

A

Supportive;red cells, platelets and antibiotics
Systemic : chemo
Intrathecal chemo

47
Q

What is lymphopenia

A

Decrease in number of circulating lymphocytes

48
Q

Causes of lymphopenia

A

HIV, chemo, radiotherapy and corticosteroids

49
Q

What is monocytosis

A

Too many monocytes

50
Q

Causes of monocytosis

A

Infection ( chronic bacterial infection ) or chronic inflammation . Some types of leukaemia

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