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Immune Response to Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Different pathogen niches

A

Extra cell
Intracellular
Surface adherent
Intracellular but cystolic

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2
Q

Extra cellular

A

e.g. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Candida, microbiota, worms)

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3
Q

Intracellular

A

e.g. Salmonella, Chlamydia, Legionella, Coxiella, Plasmodium, helminths)

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4
Q

Surface adherents

A

(e.g. enteropathogenic & enterohaemorrhagic E. coli)

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5
Q

Intracellular but cystolic

A

(e.g. viruses, Listeria, Burkholderia, Mycobacterium)

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6
Q

Humoral aspects of innate immunity

A

Humoral:

Complement, Lectins (collectins, ficolins), Pentraxins, Antimicrobial peptides

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7
Q

How does an immune response to infection start

A

Tissue damage ( e.g.injury)
Molecular detection of microbes
Intra cellular communication ( interleukins )
Priming the adaptive immune response

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8
Q

How does an immune response to infection end

A

Clearing infection
Stopping inflammatory cytokines production
Repairing tissue damage
Immune memory

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9
Q

What differences in molecules are there between the innate and the adaptive immune system

A 
Timing of the response
	Cell types 
	Receptors & ligands
	Cytokines & chemokines
	Molecular effector machineries
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10
Q

Uncontrolled activities of phagocytes lead to

A

Granulomas
Excessive inflammation & inappropriate adaptive immunity
Tissue damage

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11
Q

What helps convert a resting cell to a specialised cell

A

Gene expression means that the cell is able to better respond to pathogens

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12
Q

Are cytokine responses to pathogens unique

A

Yes

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13
Q

Phagocyte response to bacteria

A 
Immune response when bacterial mRNA is release
• Inflammatory cytokines 
• Antimicrobial genes
• Metabolic genes
• Immunomodulatory genes

No immune response if dead pathogen ingested and so no mRNA released
Resolution of inflammation

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14
Q

Phagocyte response to fungi

A
  • Proinflammatory cytokines
  • Antimicrobial genes
  • Metabolic genes
  • Immunomodulatory genes
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15
Q

Phagocyte response to viruses

A
  • Interferon production
  • Proinflammatory cytokines
  • Antiviral genes
  • Immunomodulatory genes
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16
Q

Phagocyte activation and pathogen killing, which interferon is imp?

A 
Interferon gamme (IFN-gamma) is important 
	Induced by microbes & cytokines

Humans lacking IFN gamma or have mutations in these pathways are susceptible to salmenolois and micro bacterial infections

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17
Q

Activated macrophages display enhanced…

A

Phagocytosis & Migration
Cytokine/chemokine production
Expression of cell surface molecules
Antimicrobial activity
Antigen presentation & T cell activation
“Alternatively” activated macrophages are anti-inflammatory

18
Q

IFN gamma

A

Extra cellular bacterial pathogens

19
Q

IFN alpha/beta

A

Anti viral

20
Q

Antiviral genes include

A

Nucleases
Inhibitors of virus entry & exit
Inhibitors of viral uncoating and replication
Inhibitors of protein translation

21
Q

Immunomodulatiry roles of interferons

A

Enhanced T-cell responses
Anti-inflammatory actions
Tissue repair

22
Q

Every single primary infected cells can produce type 1 interferon

A

True

23
Q

Where are types 1-3 interferons produced

A

Type 3; epithelial cell surfaces
Type 1; produced deeper down
Type 2; only produced in lymphocytes

24
Q

NK cells

A

Virus-infected cells are killed by the actions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) or Natural Killer (NK) cells

Cell death removes viral replicative niches

CTLs and NK cells directly kill infected cells (contact-dependent)

Host cells infected with intracellular bacterial pathogens also undergo forms of cell death (contact-independent) - some cytokines can also induce cell death (cytokine-mediated)

So virus can no longer replicate

25
Q

Type two interferon promotes….

A

Anti bacterial immunity

26
Q

Types 1 and 3 interferons promote

A

Antiviral responses

27
Q

Soluble effector mechanisms

A 
Complement mediated bacterial destruction
Lectin-binding to neutralise cell attachment or entry
Iron chelation (siderophores) to prevent replication
Antibiotic-like peptides
28
Q

Cellular effector mechanisms of immunity

A

Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen radicals

Acidification and digestion within phagosomes

29
Q

How do Dcs and macrophages activate T cells

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages present antigens in combination with MHC-I or MHC-II to T cells.

Cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells produce a suitable milieu for T-cell activation
E.g. IL-12 promotes T-cell replication
These are specific to the type of pathogen!

T cells provide cytokines that activate phagocytes
E.g. IFNg upregulates MHC-II expression for antigen presentation
Responses are specific to general class of pathogens

30
Q

Broad classification of T cell function

A

Phagocyte activation
Enhanced killing of pathogens
Inflammation

Direct killing of infected cells
Removal of replicative niches

B cell activation
Antibody production & affinity maturation

Innate lymphoid cells/gd T cells
A type of early responders (MHC independent actions)

31
Q

CD4 T cellsz usually in

A

Bacteria. Cells

32
Q

CD8 cells usually in

A

Viral infections

33
Q

Look at ‘Microbe-specific phagocyte responses induce the appropriate lymphocyte phase’ table in notes

A

Look at ‘Microbe-specific phagocyte responses induce the appropriate lymphocyte phase’ table in notes

34
Q

Impact of age on immune cell response

A

Memory T cells have encountered many diff infections over the period of years. Increased age, decreased immunity

35
Q

Defect in leukocyte adhesion

A

Genes involved in migration and adhesion

36
Q

Chrniicngranulotamous disease

A

Loss of reactive o2 species

37
Q

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

A

Compromised lysosomes

38
Q

(SCID)

A

Reduction in number and function of T cells and B cells

39
Q

X-linked agammaglobulinaemia

A

Decreased serum IgG of all types

40
Q

HIV

A

Reduced CD4 T helper cells

41
Q

Irradiation and chemotherapy ( cancer treatment)

A

Loss of bone marrow precursor

42
Q

Immunosupression ( graft rejection / chronic disease)

A

Depletion or impairment of lymphocytes

P (42 decks)

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