Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Block F -- Defense > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define total white blood cell count

A

All circulating nucleated hematopoietic cells with the exception of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 purposes of total white blood cell count

A
  • Diagnosis and management of patients with hematologic and infectious diseases
  • Monitor patients receiving cytotoxic drugs, radiation therapy, and some antimicrobial drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 types of WBCs

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 variables affecting the normal values for complete blood count

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • How high above sea level you live
  • Type of blood sample
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal value for WBC

A
  • 5,000 - 10,000 WBCs per mm3
  • 5.0 - 10.0 WBCs per L
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 uses for differential blood count

A
  • To look for quantitative abnormalities in morphologically normal WBC population
  • To look for morphologic abnormalities of WBCs (i.e. immature or atypical cells) for diagnostic or monitoring reasons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is required to use the differential blood count as a means to look for quantitative abnormalities in morphologically normal WBC populations?

A

High level of precision and accuracy (i.e. ability to provide consistent and correct results)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is required to use differential blood count to look for morphological abnormalities of WBCs?

A

High level of clinical sensitivity (i.e. ability to identify ALL patients who have circulating abnormal WBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 WBC populations that are the most difficult to do the differential blood count on and why

A
  • Monocyte
  • Basophil

(Low level of precision and accuracy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

2 uses for absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

A
  • Monitor chemotherapy patients
  • Superior indicator of infection and inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Largest percentage of leukocytes found in a normal blood sample

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diameter of neutrophil

A

10 - 15 µm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

General appearance of neutrophil on a stained blood smear

A

Numerous fine lilic-colored granules and a dark purple nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 classes of neutrophils

A
  • Metamyelocyte
  • Neutrophil band or stab
  • Segmented neutrophil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Youngest type of neutrophil

A

Metamyelocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the appearance of a metamyelocyte

A
  • Large, round or bean-shaped nucleus
  • Abundant, pale blue cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the appearance of neutrophil bands or stabs

A
  • Elongated and surved (horseshoe or S-shape) nucleus
  • Abundant pink cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mature neutrophil

A

Segmented neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the appearance of a segmented neutrophil

A
  • Nucleus separated into 2 - 5 segments or lobes
  • Pale red cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diameter of eosinophils

A

12 - 14 µm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the appearance of eosinophils

A
  • Nucleus = large, typically bilobate
  • Cytoplasm = pale red, coarse round granules of uniform size (brick red)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diameter of basophils

A

11 - 13 µm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the appearance of basophils

A
  • Nucleus = large, irregular, sometimes trilobate
  • Cytoplasm = basophilic with scattered, large, dark blue granules which may overlay the nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When do increased immature forms of eosinophils and basophils occur (9)

A
  1. Bacterial infections
  2. Acute inflammatory diseases
  3. Cancer (esp. marrow metastasis)
  4. Tissue necrosis
  5. Acute transplant rejection
  6. Surgical and orthopedic trauma
  7. Myeloproliferative diseases
  8. Steroid use
  9. Pregnancy (esp. third trimester)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What leukocyte increases in conjunction with increased immature forms of eosinophils and basophils? What are the exceptions?
Neutrophils, EXCEPT may not increase in conditions such as age and pregnancy
26
Largest WBC circulating in peripheral blood
Monocyte
27
When do monocytes become mature macrophages?
When they enter tissue
28
What is the name of the system that encompasses both monocytes and macrophages
Mononuclear phagocyte system
29
3 functions of macrophages
* Arrive after injury and become predominant leukocyte within 48 hours * First cell to engulf and process antigen and present it ot the lymphocytes --\> specific immune response * Can destroy the organism while keeping its cell surface markers to present to the lymphocyte
30
Define lymphocytes
Non-granulocytes responsible for immune responses to specific organisms
31
T lymphocyte function
Cell-mediated immunity Stimulate B cell --\> Trigger humoral/antibody-mediated immunity
32
Role of B-cells
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
33
Location of T-cell maturation
Thymus
34
Location of B cell maturation
Bone marrow
35
Describe the purpose of natural killer cells
* No T- or B-cell markers * Respond to changes in normal cell states * Very effective against tumor cells and virally infected host cells
36
Most common cause of neutrophilia
Acute bacterial infection
37
Define neutrophilia
Increase in neutrophil count that usually occurs 4 to 6 hours after an invasion by microorganisms
38
2 examples of myeloproliferative disorders
* Polycythemia vera * Chronic myelocytic leukemia (increased stem cell proliferation in bone marrow)
39
3 non-disease states that are associated with increased neutrophil counts
* Obesity * Smoking * Stress of surgery
40
Describe a severly elevated neutrophil count
Pathologic conditions causing the neutrophils to become hypermature and have an increase number of segments
41
3 conditions that cause a severely elevated neutrophil count
* Liver disease * Down's syndrome * Megaloblastic anemia
42
Define a "right shift" in neutrophil count
Elevation in segmented neutrophils; an increased neutrophil count without the immature cells
43
Define a "left shift" in neutrophil count
Elevation in bands; an increase in immature neutrophils released from the marrow
44
Define neutropenia
Neutrophil count of less than 2,000 x 109/L
45
2 causes of neutropenia
* Severe prolonged infections * Increased destruction of WBCs
46
2 ways increased destruction of WBCs can occur
* Increased splenetic pooling (hypersplenism) * Drugs (i.e. antimicrobials, NSAIDs, antidepressants, anticonvulsants)
47
Potential risk of neutropenia
Inability to mount and adequate defense when challenged by infection
48
Define severe neutropenia
Neutrophil count of less than 500 x 109/L
49
Consequence of severe neutropenia
Predisoposition to serious bacterial infection and opportunistic infection
50
Consequence of having a neutrophil count below 1 x 109/L
The chance of gram-negative and gram-positive sepsis and fungal infections increases dramatically
51
Define absolute monocytosis
Marker of a myeloproliferative disorder until proven otherwise
52
What is required to conclude absolute monocytosis
Bone marrow examination and cytogenetic studies (can have hematology consultation for further evaluation)
53
When can relative monocytosis occur?
During recovery from drug-induced neutropenia
54
5 conditions that are a reflection of reactive absoute monocytosis
* Chronic infectious, inflammatory, granulomatous processes * Metastatic cancer * Lymphoma * Radiation therapy * Depression
55
Define reactive lymphocytosis
Lymphocytosis with normal appearing small lymphocyte morphology
56
Etiology of reactive lymphocytosis. Give 3 examples
Virus * Monomucleosis * Cytomegalovirus * Measles
57
Define eosinophilia
An increase in the eosinophil count
58
2 conditions that can cause eosinophilia and give examples (2 and 3)
* Parasitic infections * Toxoplasmosis * GI parasites * Bronchoallergic reactions * Asthma * Allergic rhinitis * Hay fever NOTE: May also be notes with skin rashes
59
Rare eosinophilia-related disorder that requires further investigations to diagnose
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
60
Most uncommon cause of an elevated WBC count
Basophilia
61
When does basophilia occur?
In patients with hypersensitivities (should have a thorough allergy history obtained)
62
4 relatively uncommon, rare or inconsequential -penias
* Eosinopenia * Basopenia * Monocytopenia * Lymphopenia
63
3 conditions to consider in the presence of monocytopenia
* Glucocorticoid therapy * Hair-cell leukemia * Aplastic anemia
64
2 situations where lymphopenia may be seen
* Normal process of aging * Children = may be the only early sign of immune deficiency

Block F -- Defense (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions