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Block F -- Defense > Anatomy of the Skin > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

% body weight occupied by the skin

A

16%

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2
Q

Define the epithelium of the skin

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized

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3
Q

Layer beneath the dermis

A

Hypodermis

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4
Q

Main type of connective tissue in the dermis

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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5
Q

Main type of connective tissue in the hypodermis

A

Loose connective tissue

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6
Q

Contents of hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue (unilocular adipocytes; fat cells)

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7
Q

What is the hypodermis continuous with?

A

The deep fascia surrounding nerves and bones

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8
Q

Describe the epithelium of the wet surface of the oral cavity

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized

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9
Q

5 functions of the skin

A
  1. Protection from injury and dessication
  2. Receive stimuli from the environment
  3. Excretion of various substances
  4. Participation in thermoregulation and maintenance of water balance
  5. Cutaneous immunigenicity
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10
Q

What mediates the skin function of protection from injury and dessication?

A

Keratinocytes of the epithelium

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11
Q

What mediates the skin’s ability to receive stimuli from the environment?

A
  • Merkel cells within the epithelium
  • Nerve endings in and beneath the epithelium
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12
Q

What mediates the excretion of substances from the skin?

A
  • Sebaceous glands associated with the hair
  • Sweat glands
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13
Q

What mediates thermoregulation and maintenance of water balance by the skin?

A
  • Insulating properties of secretion by keratinocytes that act as hydrophobic barriers to water
  • Shivering mechanism related to “goose-bumps”
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14
Q

What mediates cutaneous immunogenicity by the skin?

A

Langerhans cells within the epithelium acting as antigen-presenting cells

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15
Q

From what are the appendages of the skin derived?

A

The epithelium of the skin

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16
Q

4 appendages of the skin

A
  1. Nails
  2. Hair
  3. Sebaceous glands
  4. Sweat glands
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17
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A
  • Papillary layer
  • Reticular layer
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18
Q

Describe the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis

A
  • Composed of finger-like projections of epidermis (rete pegs) into the dermis
  • Can be thought of conversely as finger-like projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis into the epidermis
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19
Q

From what embryologic germ layer is the keratinizing system derived?

A

Ectoderm

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20
Q

2 distinct cell lineages which compose the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
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21
Q

Fibrous protein produced by keratinocytes

A

Keratin

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22
Q

Function of keratin

A

Transforms the keratinocytes into a dead cell layer (keratinized/cornified layer)

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23
Q

Typical time length of cytomorphosis of a keratinocyte

A

15 - 30 days

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24
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

Produce pigment (melanin) to protect against UV radiation

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25
Q

Embryological origin of melanocytes

A

Neural crest

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26
Q

When do the melanocytes invade the skin during development?

A

3rd to 6th month in utero

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27
Q

2 cells of the epidermal epithelium that do not belong to either the keratinizing system nor the pigmentary system

A
  • Langerhans cell
  • Merkel cell
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28
Q

5 layers of the epidermis from the innermost to the outermost layer

A
  1. Stratum Basale/Germinativum (Basal Layer)
  2. Stratum Spinosum (Spiny Layer)
  3. Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)
  4. Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)**
  5. Stratum Corneum (Cornified Layer)

NOTE: Stratum lucidum is not in ALL epidermises

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29
Q

4 examples of structures derived from the ectoderm

A
  • Lining of oral and nasal cavities
  • Cornea
  • Skin epidermis
  • Glands of skin
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30
Q

4 examples of structures derived from the endoderm

A
  • Lining of the GI tract
  • Lining of the respiratory tract
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
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31
Q

3 examples of structures derived from the mesoderm

A
  • Renal tubules
  • Lining of the reproductive tract
  • Lining of blood vessels
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32
Q

Shape of keratinocytes

A

Cuboidal

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33
Q

When do mitoses occur in the stratum basale of the epidermis?

A

Mostly at night

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34
Q

Purpose of hemidesmosomes

A

Cell-matrix adhesions

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35
Q

Protein associated with hemodesmosomes

A

Integrins

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36
Q

Purpose of desmosomes

A

Cell-cell adhesion

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37
Q

Protein associated with desmosomes

A

Cadherins

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38
Q

Connective tissue type of the epidermal basement membrane

A

Collagen IV and Laminin

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39
Q

Type of collagen that comprises the anchoring fibrils contained in the papillary layer of the dermis

A

Collagen VII

40
Q

Type of collagen that comprises the reticular fibril found in the papillary layer of the dermis

A

Collagen III

41
Q

Intermediate filaments of the stratum spinosum

A

Tonofilaments

42
Q

Number of keratin genes (cytokeratins) in epidermis

43
Q

Number of diseases identified with mutated keratin genes

44
Q

Location of keratins in the stratum spinosum and where they insert

A

In the spiny processes; insert into desmosomes

45
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum found?

A

Skin that is very thick (i.e. sole of foot)

46
Q

Thickness of stratum granulosum

A

3 - 5 layers of cells

47
Q

Describe the cells of the stratum lucidum

A

No organelles (not even nucleus); dead

Full of keratin tonofibrils

48
Q

3 constituents of the stratum granulosum

A
  • Large keratohyalin granules (filaggrin protein) associated with tonofibrils
  • Increased number of lamellated bodies/granules
  • Increased transglutaminase crosslinking
49
Q

What do the cells of the stratum spinosum secrete?

A

Distinct lamellated granules (membrane coating granules)

50
Q

What are the lamellated granules of the stratum spinuson ccomprised of?

A

Glycolipids (NOT phospholipids)

51
Q

2 proteins deposited under the membrane as a cell envelope in the stratum corneum

A

Involucrin

Loricrin

52
Q

What occupies the intercellular space in the stratum corneum?

53
Q

How does desquamation occur in the stratum corneum?

A

Desmosomal attachments are released

54
Q

Define epidermolysis bullosa

A

Blistering in response to minor trauma

55
Q

Cause of epidermolysis bullosa

A

Defective epidermal cell adhesion (acantholysis)

56
Q

Describe basal cell carcinoma

A

Basal cells affected, but not metastatic

57
Q

Cells affected by squamous cell carcinoma

A

Keratinocytes

58
Q

Cause of psoriasis

A

7x increased cell proliferation (i.e. turnover of skin is less than 30 days) and T-cell activation (autoimmune)

59
Q

Define warts

A

Benign infection with papilloma viruses

60
Q

Define blisters

A

Separations between keratinocytes due to trauma

61
Q

Define ichthyosis

A

Abnormal keratinization or glycolipid processing/release (i.e. filaggrin and transglutaminase mutations)

62
Q

Define moles

A

Large aggregation of melanocytes

63
Q

Location of cell body of melanocytes

A

Stratum basale

64
Q

Contents of pre-melanosomes

65
Q

Describe how melanin is formed

A
  1. Melanosome is formed by tyrosinase vesicle + pre-melanosome
  2. Tyrosine activated by tyrosinase and UV
  3. Tyrosine –> Melanin
66
Q

2 types of melanin and the colors associated with them

A
  • Eu (dark brown)
  • Pheo (red,yellow)
67
Q

Method of melanin release to keratinocytes

68
Q

Location of melanin granules

A

Dendritic-like cell processes

69
Q

Cause of albinism

A

Gene mutations in tyrosinase gene (complete or partial)

70
Q

Risk associated with albinism

A

Increased risk of skin cancer

71
Q

Role of Langerhans cell

A

Bind foreign substances (antigens) and migrate to lymph nodes to present to T lymphocytes (i.e. it’s an APC)

72
Q

From where are Langerhans cells derived?

A

Bone marrow

73
Q

Granules associated with Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck (vermiform) granules (NOTE: function unknown)

74
Q

Granules associated with Merkel cells

A

Dense-cored granules (NOTE: function unknown)

75
Q

8 functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A
  1. Connecting and supporting (typically collagen fibrils)
  2. Signals for cell proliferation and differentiation
  3. Cell communication (outside-in/matrix-cell signalling)
  4. Cell protection
  5. Transmits and attenuates mechanical signals
  6. Compartment for blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, etc.
  7. Transport system
  8. Controls diffusion of soluble growth factors
76
Q

3 types influences on cells that can affect their fate

A
  • Physical signals
  • Soluble signals
  • Cell-cell interactions
77
Q

3 examples of soluble signals that can influence a cell

A
  • Growth factors
  • Cytokines
  • Chemokines
78
Q

6 examples of physical signals that can influence a cell

A
  • Fibronectin
  • Vitronectin
  • Laminin
  • Collagen
  • Fibrillin
  • GAGs, PGs
79
Q

2 examples of cell-cell interactions that can influence the cell

A
  • Cadherins
  • CAMs
80
Q

4 cell fate processes

A
  1. Replication
  2. Differentiation
  3. Migration
  4. Apoptosis
81
Q

3 potential outcomes of cell signalling and coordinated functions

A
  • Tissue formaiton
  • Tissue homeostasis
  • Tissue regeneration
82
Q

2 types of connective tissue

A
  • CT proper
  • CT specialized
83
Q

5 types of CT proper and their associated levels of cellularity

A
  • Loose CT (very cellular)
  • Loose CT (cellular)
  • [Intermediate CT]
  • Irregular dense CT (relatively acellular)
  • Regular/oriented dense CT (relative acellular)
84
Q

Define CT specialized

A

Basically, CT proper that has been mineralized

85
Q

3 exampels of CT specialized

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Teeth (dentin, cementum)
86
Q

6 major cell types of cennective tissue

A
  • Mesenchymal cell
  • Fibrobast/fibrocyte
  • Adipocyte
  • Macrophage/histiocyte
  • Mast cell
  • Plasma cell
87
Q

Most abundant protein of the body

A

Collagen (20% of all proteins)

88
Q

Structure of collagen fibrils

A

Triple helix of collagen alpha chains

89
Q

Describe how scurvy is a collagen-related disease

A

Vitamin C deficiency –> lack of hydroxylation so no stable triple helix of alpha chain –> no ordered fibrils

90
Q

Define Ehlers-Danios syndrome

A

Mutations in colalgen I, III, and V –> hyperextensive skin, hyper joint mobility and dislocation

91
Q

3 fibres of the ECM

A
  • Collagen (fibrillar)
  • Reticular fibres
  • Elastic fibres
92
Q

Collagen types that are fibrillar (6)

A
  • I
  • II
  • III
  • V
  • VII
  • XI
93
Q

Define amorphous ground substances (i.e. of the ECM)

A

Substances found between fibres that resist compressive forces

94
Q

5 amorphous ground substances of the ECM

A
  • Small proteoglycans
  • Large proteoglycans
  • Glycoproteins
  • Water, metabolites, mineral ions, etc
  • Plasma proteins
95
Q

Describe how Marfan’s syndrome is an elastin-related disease

A

Fibrillin-1 gene mutation –> aortic aneurysm/rupture, lax joints and dislocations, and ectopia lentis

96
Q

Define cutis laxa

A

Elastin and fibulin-5 mutations, and other elastic fibre degeneration events

97
Q

Describe how mast cells release their secretory granules

A

After initial sensitization by antigens, degranulation after IgE binding to Fc receptors

Block F -- Defense (4 decks)

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