Whats In A Medicine

Question 1

What’s combinational chemistry

Answer 1

Method for synthesizing a large number of analogues In a short time.

Question 2

Clinical trials phases

Answer 2

1 establish the potential medicine is safe
2 establish if it’s effective
3. Establish if it’s better that the standard treatment

Question 3

How to name branched chain carboxylic acids

Answer 3

C on carboxylic acid becomes number 1

Question 4

Carboxylic acids in water

Answer 4

Partially dissociate form oxonium ion (H3O+) and carboxylate salt (RCOO-)

Question 5

Carboxylic acids and bases =

Answer 5

Salt and water

Question 6

Describe esterification reaction:

Answer 6

Carboxylic acid and alcohol presence of acid catalyst (eg conc. sulfuric acid) and reflux (reversible)

Question 7

Test for Carboxylic acids

Answer 7

React with carbonates to form CO2 ( sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate) + limewater –> goes cloudy precipitate if CO2 present (milky)

Question 8

Carbonate and acid =

Answer 8

Salt & water & CO2

Question 9

Phenol ??

Answer 9

Compounds that have one or more -OH attached directly to benzene ring

Question 10

Test for phenols

Answer 10

Neutral iron(III) chloride solution turns purple!

Question 11

Acidic strength for water, acid, phenol and alcohol

Answer 11

(Weak) alcohol

Question 12

How do you know about the strength of acids? From their structure

Answer 12

Stability of the anion (R–O-).

Phenoxide ions and carboxylate ions are more stable as negative charge can be delocalised across several atoms

Question 13

Ethanol, phenol and ethanoic acid reacting with NaOH (aq)

Answer 13

Ethanol - no reaction
Phenol - reacts to form salt
Ethanoic acid - reacts to form salt

Question 14

Ethanol, phenol, Ethanoic acid and Na2CO3 (aq)

Answer 14

Ethanol- no reaction
Phenol - no reaction
Ethanoic acid - fizzes produces CO2

Question 15

Esterification reaction is a

Answer 15

Condensation reaction

Question 16

Phenols –> ester

Answer 16

React with acyl chlorides at rt
Or acid anhydrides reflux

ANGYDROUS CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL FOR BOTH

Question 17

Naming esters

Answer 17

First - alcohol (phenol)
Second - acid
-oate
Ethyl propanoate

Question 18

Hydrolysis of esters

Answer 18

Reverse of esterification
Acid catalyst - sulfuric acid ( carboxylate acid )
Alkaline catalyst - sodium hydroxide (carboxylate salt)

Question 19

Equation for atom economy

Answer 19

(Mr of useful product / Mr of all reactants ) X100

Question 20

Reactions most atom economy to least

Answer 20

Most - rearrange / addition
Substitution & condensation
Least - Elimination

Question 21

Distinguish between aldehydes and ketones?

Answer 21

Fehlings solution -
Aldehyde is oxidized further to c.a
Blue Cu2+ ions –> Cu+ in copper(I) oxide = orange/brown precipitate

Question 22

Reduction of carbonyl compounds back to alcohol =

Answer 22

Sodium tetrahydridoborate (NaBH4)

Question 23

Aldehydes and ketones undergo _____ _____ with hydrogen cyanide & conditions

Answer 23

Nucleophilic addition
Presence of alkali. Cyanide acts as nucleophile and attacks C with carbonyl group.
Product - cyanohydrin

Question 24

Substances acting as an acid and base

Answer 24

Amphoteric

Question 25

A strong acid has a ____ conjugate base

Answer 25

Weak

Question 26

Indicators how they work

Answer 26

They’re weak acids that conjugate acids and bases have different colors.

Question 27

Molecular ion

Answer 27

Ion produced when just one electron lost

DONT FORGET CHARGE

Question 28

M/z =

Answer 28

mass to charge ratio

Question 29

Largest peak on mass spec

Answer 29

Base peak

Question 30

High resolution mass spec -

Answer 30

Molecular masses to four d.p

Distinguish between compounds that appear to have same Mr