Whatever 2 Flashcards

Question

generic

Answer 1

ge‧ner‧ic /dʒəˈnerɪk/ ●○○ adjective [usually before noun] 1 relating to a whole group of things rather than to one thing generic term/name (for something) Fine Arts is a generic term for subjects such as painting, music, and sculpture. 2 a generic product does not have a special name to show that it is made by a particular company generic drugs —generically /-kli/ adverb

Answer 2

Strongest matches confusion error misconception misinterpretation misjudgment mistake mix up Strong matches confounding delusion misapprehension misconstruction misreckoning

Answer 3

par‧ti‧ci‧ple /ˈpɑːtəsɪpəl, pɑːˈtɪsəpəl $ ˈpɑːr-/ ●●○ noun [countable] technical one of the forms of a verb that are used to make tenses. In English, present participles end in -ing and past participles usually end in -ed or -en.

Answer 4

ˌmagnum ˈopus /~ˈoʊpəs/ noun [singular] the most important piece of work by a writer, composer or artist

Answer 5

u‧biq‧ui‧tous /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ ●○○ adjective formal seeming to be everywhere – sometimes used humorously Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days. a French film, starring the ubiquitous Gérard Depardieu ► see thesaurus at common —ubiquitously adverb —ubiquity noun [uncountable] om‧ni‧pres‧ent /ˌɒmnɪˈprezənt◂ $ ˌɑːm-/ adjective formal present everywhere at all times —omnipresence noun [uncountable] the omnipresence of God

Answer 6

Cats‧eye /ˈkætsaɪ/ noun [countable] trademark British English one of a line of small flat objects fixed in the middle of the road that shine when lit by car lights and guide traffic in the dark

Answer 7

pre‧car‧i‧ous /prɪˈkeəriəs $ -ˈker-/ adjective 1 a precarious situation or state is one which may very easily or quickly become worse Her health remained precarious, despite the treatment. the company’s precarious financial position 2 likely to fall, or likely to cause someone to fall a precarious mountain trail —precariously adverb a cup of tea balanced precariously on her knee —precariousness noun [uncountable]

Answer 8

spec‧tac‧u‧lar1 /spekˈtækjələ $ -ər/ ●●○ adjective 1 very impressive a mountainous area with spectacular scenery a spectacular success 2 very sudden, unexpected, or extreme The news caused a spectacular fall in the stock market. —spectacularly adverb

Answer 9

in‧dis‧tinct /ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋkt◂/ AWL adjective an indistinct sound, image, or memory cannot be seen, heard, or remembered clearly OPP distinct She muttered something indistinct. My memory of what happened next is indistinct. —indistinctly adverb

Answer 10

rem‧i‧nis‧cent /ˌreməˈnɪsənt/ ●○○ adjective 1 → reminiscent of something 2 literary thinking about the past Her face wore a reminiscent smile.

Answer 11

cli‧ché /ˈkliːʃeɪ $ kliːˈʃeɪ/ ●○○ noun [countable] an idea or phrase that has been used so much that it is not effective or does not have any meaning any longer There is plenty of truth in the cliché that a trouble shared is a trouble halved. ► see thesaurus at phrase, word —clichéd adjective

Answer 12

slav‧ish /ˈsleɪvɪʃ/ adjective obeying, supporting, or copying someone completely – used to show disapproval a slavish adherence to the rules —slavishly adverb not a rule to be slavishly followed in every instance —slavishness noun [uncountable]

Answer 13

mun‧dane /mʌnˈdeɪn/ ●○○ adjective 1 ordinary and not interesting or exciting SYN boring Initially, the work was pretty mundane. The mundane task of setting the table can be fun on holidays. ► see thesaurus at boring 2 literary concerned with ordinary daily life rather than religious matters SYN worldly

Answer 14

tran‧quil /ˈtræŋkwəl/ adjective pleasantly calm, quiet, and peaceful a small tranquil village ► see thesaurus at quiet —tranquilly adverb —tranquillity British English, tranquility American English /træŋˈkwɪləti/ noun [uncountable] the tranquillity of the Tuscan countryside

Answer 15

pes‧ter /ˈpestə $ -ər/ verb [intransitive, transitive] to annoy someone, especially by asking them many times to do something → harass She’d been pestered by reporters for days. pester somebody for something I can’t even walk down the street without being continually pestered for money. pester somebody to do something The kids have been pestering me to buy them new trainers. ► see thesaurus at ask → See Verb table

Answer 16

whim /wɪm/ noun [countable usually singular] a sudden feeling that you would like to do or have something, especially when there is no important or good reason on a whim I didn’t leave just on a whim (=for no good reason). at the whim of somebody At work they are at the whim of the boss. somebody’s every whim Their father had always indulged her every whim. at whim He appeared and disappeared at whim.

Answer 17

—meanly adverb —meanness noun [uncountable]

Answer 18

ob‧so‧lete /ˈɒbsəliːtˌɑːbsəˈliːt/ adjective if something is obsolete, it is old-fashioned and no longer useful, because something newer or better has been invented Will handheld computers make books obsolete? companies burdened with obsolete equipment

Answer 19

hy‧poth‧e‧sis /haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/ ●○○ AWL noun (plural hypotheses /-siːz/) 1 [countable] an idea that is suggested as an explanation for something, but that has not yet been proved to be true SYN theory One hypothesis is that the victim fell asleep while driving. prove/test/support etc a hypothesis We hope that further research will confirm our hypothesis. hypothesis about The authors reject the hypothesis about unemployment contributing to crime. 2 [uncountable] ideas or guesses, rather than facts SYN speculation All this is mere hypothesis.

Answer 20

im‧pli‧ca‧tion /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃən/ ●●○ W2 AWL noun 1 [countable usually plural] a possible future effect or result of an action, event, decision etc implication of What are the implications of these proposals? This election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democracy. consider/discuss/examine the implications His talk will examine the wider implications of the Internet revolution. practical/financial/political etc implications 2 [uncountable] a situation in which it is shown or suggested that someone or something is involved in a crime or a dishonest act → implicate the implication of somebody (in something) the implication of the former Chief of Staff in a major scandal 3 [countable, uncountable] a suggestion that is not made directly but that people are expected to understand or accept → imply They are called ‘Supertrams’, the implication being that (=which is meant to suggest that) they are more advanced than earlier models. by implication The law bans organized protests and, by implication, any form of opposition.

Answer 21

im‧ply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ ●●○ W2 AWL verb (implied, implying, implies) [transitive] 1 to suggest that something is true, without saying this directly → infer, implication imply (that) Cleo blushed. She had not meant to imply that he was lying. an implied threat 2 if a fact, event etc implies something, it shows that it is likely to be true SYN suggest imply (that) The high level of radiation in the rocks implies that they are volcanic in origin. 3 if one thing implies another, it proves that the second thing exists Democracy implies a respect for individual liberties. High profits do not necessarily imply efficiency.

Answer 22

im‧pose /ɪmˈpəʊz $ -ˈpoʊz/ ●●○ W2 AWL verb 1 [transitive] if someone in authority imposes a rule, punishment, tax etc, they force people to accept it The court can impose a fine. impose something on something/somebody The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory. 2 [transitive] to force someone to have the same ideas, beliefs etc as you impose something on somebody parents who impose their own moral values on their children 3 [intransitive] formal to expect or ask someone to do something for you when this is not convenient for them impose on/upon We could ask to stay the night, but I don’t want to impose on them. 4 [transitive] to have a bad effect on something or someone and to cause problems for them impose a burden/hardship etc (on somebody/something) Military spending imposes a huge strain on the economy.

Answer 23

in‧di‧cate /ˈɪndɪkeɪt/ ●●● S3 W1 AWL verb 1 [transitive] to show that a particular situation exists, or that something is likely to be true indicate (that) in‧di‧ca‧tor /ˈɪndəkeɪtə $ -ər/ ●○○ AWL noun [countable]

Answer 24

/ˈɪnfənt/ ●●○ W3

Answer 25

in‧gre‧di‧ent /ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/ ●●○

Answer 26

i‧ni‧tial1 /ɪˈnɪʃəl/

Answer 27

i‧ni‧tia‧tive /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/

Answer 28

/in'said/ /ˈɪnsaɪt/ ●○○

Answer 29

in‧stall /ɪnˈstɒːl/ ●●○

Answer 30

in‧tern‧ship /ˈɪntɜːnʃɪp $ -ɜːrn-/ noun [countable] American English

Answer 31

re‧search1 /rɪˈsɜːtʃ, ˈriːsɜːtʃ $ -ɜːr-/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL noun [uncountable] (also researches [plural] formal)

Answer 32

in‧stance1 /ˈɪnstəns/ ●●○

Answer 33

in‧fla‧tion /ɪnˈfleɪʃən/ ●●○ W3 noun [uncountable]

Answer 34

in‧di‧vid‧u‧al1 /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl◂/ ●●○

Answer 35

in‧dus‧tri‧al /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ ●●● S3 W1 in‧dus‧try /ˈɪndəstri/ ●●●

Answer 36

in‧flu‧ence1 /ˈɪnfluəns/ ●●● S3 W1 noun

Answer 37

in‧ju‧ry /ˈɪndʒəri/ ●●● S3 W2 AWL noun (plural injuries)

Answer 38

in‧no‧cent1 /ˈɪnəsənt/ ●●○ W3 adjective

Answer 39

in‧quir‧y, enquiry /ɪnˈkwaɪəri $ ɪnˈkwaɪri, ˈɪŋkwəri/ ●●○ S3 W2 noun (plural inquiries)

Answer 40

pros‧pect1 /ˈprɒspekt $ ˈprɑː-/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun 1 [countable, uncountable] the possibility that something will happen prospect of doing something I see no prospect of things improving here. There is every prospect (=a strong possibility) of the weather remaining dry this week. prospect for There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector. prospect that There’s a real prospect that England will not qualify for the World Cup. ► see thesaurus at future 2 [singular] a particular event which will probably or definitely happen in the future – used especially when you want to talk about how you feel about it prospect of The prospect of marriage terrified Alice. Greeks face the prospect of new general elections next month. He relishes the prospect of a fight. daunting/exciting etc prospect be excited/alarmed/concerned etc at the prospect (of something) She wasn’t exactly overjoyed at the prospect of looking after her niece. 3 → prospects 4 [countable] a person, job, plan etc that has a good chance of success in the future 5 → in prospect 6 [countable usually singular] formal a view of a wide area of land, especially from a high place

Answer 41

ac‧cli‧ma‧tize (also acclimatise British English) /əˈklaɪmətaɪz/ (also acclimate /əˈklaɪmət $ ˈækləmeɪt, əˈklaɪmət/ American English) verb [intransitive, transitive] to become used to a new place, situation, or type of weather, or to make someone become used to it acclimatize to Runners had to acclimatize to the humid tropical conditions. acclimatize yourself (to something) I found it hard to acclimatize myself to working at weekends. —acclimatization /əˌklaɪmətaɪˈzeɪʃən $ -tə-/ noun [uncountable] → See Verb table

Answer 42

prow‧ess /ˈpraʊɪs/ noun [uncountable] formal great skill at doing something his physical prowess military prowess

Answer 43

bac‧ca‧lau‧re‧ate /ˌbækəˈlɔːriət/ noun [countable] 1 an examination in a range of subjects that students do in their final school year in France and some other countries, and in some international schools 2 American English formal a bachelor’s degree

Answer 44

crock‧e‧ry /ˈkrɒkəri $ ˈkrɑː-/ noun [uncountable] British English cups, dishes, plates etc → cutlery a stack of dirty crockery

Answer 45

sym‧met‧ri‧cal /sɪˈmetrɪkəl/ ●○○ (also symmetric /sɪˈmetrɪk/) adjective an object or design that is symmetrical has two halves that are exactly the same shape and size OPP asymmetrical The pattern was perfectly symmetrical. —symmetrically /-kli/ adverb

Answer 46

a‧sym‧met‧ri‧cal /ˌeɪsəˈmetrɪkəl/ (also asymmetric /-ˈmetrɪk◂/) adjective 1 having two sides that are different in shape OPP symmetrical asymmetrical patterns 2 formal not equal OPP symmetrical —asymmetrically /-kli/ adverb —asymmetry /eɪˈsɪmətri/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 47

in‧stead /ɪnˈsted/ ●●● S1 W1 adverb 1 → instead of somebody/something

Answer 48

in‧sti‧tu‧tion /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən $ -ˈtuː-/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun

Answer 49

in‧struc‧tion /ɪnˈstrʌkʃən/ ●●● S3 W2 AWL noun 1 → instructions 2 [countable usually plural] a statement telling someone what they must do → orders instructions to do something

Answer 50

in‧stru‧ment /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ ●●● W2 noun [countable]

Answer 51

in‧stru‧men‧tal1 /ˌɪnstrəˈmentl◂/ adjective 1 → be instrumental in (doing) something 2 instrumental music is for instruments, not for voices —instrumentally adverb

Answer 52

in‧tu‧i‧tion /ˌɪntjuˈɪʃən $ -tu-, -tju-/ ●○○ noun 1 [uncountable] the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts SYN instinct feminine intuition Intuition told her it was unwise to argue. 2 [countable] an idea about what is true in a particular situation based on a feeling rather than facts intuition (that) He had an intuition there was trouble brewing. We should trust our intuitions.

Answer 53

tu‧i‧tion /tjuˈɪʃən $ tu-/ ●●○ noun [uncountable] 1 teaching, especially in small groups I had to have extra tuition in maths. 2 American English, tuition fees British English the money you pay for being taught When I started college, tuition was $350 a quarter

Answer 54

tu‧tor1 /ˈtjuːtə $ ˈtuːtər/ ●●○ noun [countable] 1 someone who gives private lessons to one student or a small group, and is paid directly by them The children were educated at home by a succession of tutors. ► see thesaurus at teacher 2 a teacher in a British university or college → tutorial She was my tutor at Durham.

Answer 55

tu‧to‧ri‧al1 /tjuːˈtɔːriəl $ tuː-/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 a period of teaching and discussion with a tutor, especially in a British university the tutorial system 2 a computer program that is designed to teach you how to use another program

Answer 56

in‧sur‧ance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns $ -ˈʃʊr-/ ●●● S2 W2 noun

Answer 57

guar‧an‧tee1 /ˌɡærənˈtiː/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL verb [transitive] 1 guarantee2 ●●○ AWL noun [countable] 1 a formal written promise to repair or replace a product if it breaks within a specific period of time SYN warranty

Answer 58

war‧ran‧ty /ˈwɒrənti $ ˈwɔː-, ˈwɑː-/ ●○○ noun (plural warranties) [countable] war‧ran‧tee /ˌwɒrənˈtiːˌwɔː-, ˌwɑː-/ noun [countable] a person who is given a warranty

Answer 59

in‧tel‧lec‧tu·al1 /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl◂/ ●●○ W3 adjective 1 relating to the ability to understand things and think intelligently → mental intellectual development/ability/activity etc a job that requires considerable intellectual effort 2 an intellectual person is well-educated and interested in serious ideas and subjects such as science, literature etc → academic Mark’s very intellectual. 3 needing serious thought in order to be understood an intellectual film

Answer 60

in‧tel‧li‧gence /ɪnˈtelədʒəns/ ●●● S3 W3 AWL noun [uncountable] 1 a) the ability to learn, understand, and think about things To be good at the game, you need a reasonable level of intelligence. high/low intelligence John showed high intelligence from an early age. b) a high level of this ability a woman who had both beauty and intelligence → artificial intelligence 2 a) information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military plans of an enemy etc According to our intelligence, further attacks were planned. intelligence operations/sources/reports etc Intelligence sources denied the reports. b) a group of people or an organization that gathers this information for their government intelligence agencies/services etc In Britain there are three main intelligence organizations. US Military Intelligence

Answer 61

in‧tend /ɪnˈtend/ ●●● S2 W1 verb [transitive] 1 to have something in your mind as a plan or purpose → intention intend to do something I intend to spend the night there. intend somebody/something to do something I didn’t intend her to see the painting until it was finished. I never intended things to turn out the way they did. intend that It is intended that these meetings will become a regular event. intend doing something We intend looking at the situation again. I fully intend (=definitely intend) to return home next year. Register In everyday English, people usually say plan to do something or plan on doing something, rather than intend to do something or intend doing something: I plan to spend the night there. I didn’t plan on things taking so long. OR I didn’t plan for things to take so long. 2 → be intended for somebody/something 3 → intended target/victim/destination etc

Answer 62

in‧tent1 /ɪnˈtent/ ●○○ adjective 1 → be intent on/upon (doing) something 2 giving careful attention to something so that you think about nothing else his intent gaze intent on/upon Intent upon her work, she didn’t notice the cold. —intently adverb Jake listened intently.

Answer 63

Do you have anything in mind? = do you have a thought / suggestion? on your/somebody’s mind a) if something is on your mind, you keep thinking or worrying about it He looked as though he had something on his mind. Sorry I forgot. I’ve got a lot on my mind (=a lot of problems to worry about) at the moment. b) if something is on your mind, that is what you are thinking about She’s the type of person who just says what’s on her mind.

Answer 64

in‧ten‧si‧ty /ɪnˈtensəti/ ●○○

Answer 65

in‧ten‧tion /ɪnˈtenʃən/ ●●● S3 W2 noun [countable, uncountable]

Answer 66

in‧terest1 /ˈɪntrɪst/ ●●● S2 W1 noun 1 [singular, uncountable] if you have an interest in something or someone, you want to know or learn more about them interest in

Answer 67

in‧terest‧ed /ˈɪntrɪstɪd/ ●●● S1 W2 adjective in‧terest‧ing /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/ ●●● S1 W2 adjective

Answer 68

ex‧cit‧ing /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/ ●●● S2 W3 adjective

Answer 69

in‧ter‧nal /ɪnˈtɜːnl $ -ɜːr-/ ●●○ W2 AWL adjective [usually before noun]

Answer 70

in‧ter‧na‧tion‧al /ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl/ ●●● S2 W1 adjective

Answer 71

In‧ter‧net, internet /ˈɪntərnet/ ●●● S2 W2 noun GRAMMAR: Patterns with Internet * You do something on the Internet: We do most of our shopping on the Internet. They met on the Internet. ✗Don’t say: We do most of our shopping by Internet. | They met by Internet. * You usually say the Internet: I often use the Internet to find out information. ✗Don’t say: I often use Internet to find out information.

Answer 72

in‧ter‧pret /ɪnˈtɜːrprɪt/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to translate spoken words from one language into another They spoke good Spanish, and promised to interpret for me. 2 [transitive] to believe that something someone does or something that happens has a particular meaning interpret something as something His refusal to work late was interpreted as a lack of commitment to the company. 3 [transitive] to explain the meaning of something Freud’s attempts to interpret the meaning of dreams

Answer 73

in‧ter‧view1 /ˈɪntərvjuː/ ●●● S2 W1 noun 1 Image of interview[countable, uncountable]

Answer 74

in‧to /ˈɪntə; before vowels ˈɪntʊ; strong ˈɪntuː/ ●●● S1 W1 preposition

Answer 75

int‧ro /ˈɪntrəʊ $ -troʊ/ noun (plural intros) [countable] informal a short part at the beginning of a song, piece of writing etc → introduction

Answer 76

in‧tro‧duce /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs $ -ˈduːs/ ●●● S2 W1 verb [transitive]

Answer 77

in‧tro‧duc‧tion /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/ ●●● S3 W2 noun 1 NEW SYSTEM/PRODUCT [uncountable] the act of bringing something into use for the first time introduction of

Answer 78

/ɪnˈveɪʒən/ ●●○ noun in‧vade /ɪnˈveɪd/ ●●○ verb in‧va‧sive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/ adjective

Answer 79

in‧vest /ɪnˈvest/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL verb

Answer 80

in‧ves‧ti‧gate /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/ ●●● W2 in‧ves‧ti‧ga‧tor /ɪnˈvestəɡeɪtər/ ●●○ AWL noun [countable] someone who investigates things, especially crimes police investigators

Answer 81

de‧tec‧tor /dɪˈtektə $ -ər/ ●○○ AWL noun a machine that . . . de‧tec‧tive /dɪˈtektɪv/ ●●○ AWL noun [countable] 1 a police officer whose job is to discover information about crimes and catch criminals → store detective 2 (also private detective) someone who is paid to discover information about someone or something She hired a detective to find out if her husband was having an affair. 3 → detective work 4 → detective story/novel etc

Answer 82

Is‧rae‧li1 /ɪzˈreɪli/ adjective relating to Israel or its people the Israeli government

Answer 83

ex‧pe‧di‧tion /ˌekspəˈdɪʃən/ ●●○ noun 1 [countable] a long and carefully organized journey, especially to a dangerous or unfamiliar place, or the people that make this journey an expedition to the North Pole

Answer 84

be on a par /pɑːr/ (with something) to be at the same level or standard The wages of clerks were on a par with those of manual workers. We will have Christmas decorations on a par with anything on show at the Metro Centre.

Answer 85

im‧merse /ɪˈmɜːrs/ verb [transitive] immersion immersing

Answer 86

jus‧ti‧fy /ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/ ●●○ S3 W3 /'dʒʌstɪfaɪd/

Answer 87

la‧bor‧a‧tory /ˈlæbrətɔːri/ ●●● W3 noun (plural laboratories) [countable]

Answer 88

land‧scape1 /ˈlændskeɪp/ ●●● W3 noun 1 [countable]

Answer 89

le‧gis‧la‧tion /ˌledʒəˈsleɪʃən/ ●●○ W3 noun [uncountable] a law or set of laws

Answer 90

le‧git‧i‧mate1 /ləˈdʒɪtəmət/ ●●○ adjective 1 fair or reasonable That’s a perfectly legitimate question. Most scientists believe it is legitimate to use animals in medical research. 2 acceptable or allowed by law Their business operations are perfectly legitimate. 3 a legitimate child is born to parents who are legally married to each other OPP illegitimate —legitimately adverb a legitimately elected government He complained quite legitimately about his treatment. —legitimacy noun [uncountable] Opponents have questioned the legitimacy of the ruling.

Answer 91

mag‧a‧zine /ˌmæɡəˈziːn $ ˈmæɡəziːn/ ●●● S2 W2

Answer 92

man‧u‧fac‧tur‧er /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərə $ -ər/ ●●○ W2 noun [countable]

Answer 93

ma‧te‧ri‧al1 /məˈtɪriəl/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 [countable, uncountable] cloth used for making clothes, curtains etc SYN fabric

Answer 94

mayor /ˈmeɪər/ ●●● W2 noun

Answer 95

mea‧sure‧ment /ˈmeʒəmənt $ -ʒər-/ ●●● W3 noun

Answer 96

me‧di‧um1 /ˈmiːdiəm/ ●●● S3 AWL adjective

Answer 97

men‧u /ˈmenjuː/ ●●● S3 noun [countable]

Answer 98

mere1 /mɪə $ mɪr/ ●○○ adjective (superlative merest) [only before noun, no comparative] 1 used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is She lost the election by a mere 20 votes. He’s a mere child. It can’t be a mere coincidence that they left at the same time. 2 used to emphasize that something which is small or not extreme has a big effect or is important The merest little noise makes him nervous. The mere thought of food made her feel sick. The mere fact that the talks are continuing is a positive sign

Answer 99

mere‧ly /ˈmɪəli $ ˈmɪrli/ ●●○ W2 adverb 1 used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is SYN only He’s merely a boy – you can’t expect him to understand. 2 used to emphasize that nothing more than what you say is involved SYN just We’re merely good friends. He merely shrugged and walked away. 3 → not merely/rather than merely

Answer 100

mu‧se‧um /mjʊˈziəm / ●●● S3 W2 noun [countable]

Answer 101

mu‧tu‧al /ˈmjuːtʃuəl/ ●○○ AWL adjective 1 mutual feelings such as respect, trust, or hatred are feelings that two or more people have for each other → reciprocal mutual respect/trust/understanding etc

Answer 102

myth /mɪθ/ ●●● S3 W3 noun [countable, uncountable]

Answer 103

nar‧ra‧tive /ˈnærətɪv/ ●○○ noun formal 1 [countable] a description of events in a story, especially in a novel At several points in the narrative the two stories cross. 2 [uncountable] the process or skill of telling a story —narrative adjective a narrative poem narrative structure

Answer 104

ne‧ces‧sar‧i‧ly /ˈnesəsərəli, ˌnesəˈserəli $ ˌnesəˈserəli/ ●●● S2 W2 adverb 1 → not necessarily 2 formal in a way that cannot be different or be avoided SYN inevitably The care of old people necessarily involves quite a lot of heavy lifting.

Answer 105

/ˈneɪbəhʊd $ -ər-/ ●●○ S3 W3

Answer 106

/'~/ ob‧jec‧tive1 /əbˈdʒektɪv/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL noun [countable]

Answer 107

ob‧ser‧va‧tion /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃən $ ˌɑːbzər-/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [countable, uncountable]

Answer 108

oc‧cu‧py /ˈɒkjəpaɪ $ ˈɑːk-/ ●●○ W2 AWL verb (occupied, occupying, occupies) [transitive]

Answer 109

oc‧cur /əˈkɜː $ əˈkɜːr/ ●●● S3 W1 AWL verb (occurred, occurring) [intransitive] formal 1 to happen A third of accidental deaths occur in the home. The explosion occurred at 5.30 a.m. ► see thesaurus at happen Register In everyday English, people usually say happen rather than occur: The accident happened while she was at school.

Answer 110

oc‧cur‧rence /əˈkʌrəns $ əˈkɜː- / ●○○ AWL noun 1 [countable] something that happens → occur frequent/rare/common occurrence Laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom. Flooding in the area is a common occurrence. ► see thesaurus at event 2 [singular] the fact of something happening occurrence of The frequent occurrence of earthquakes in the area means that the buildings must be specifically designed to withstand the force. also the spelling

Answer 111

of‧fense1 /əˈfens/ noun [countable, uncountable] the usual American spelling of offence

Answer 112

of‧fen‧sive1 /əˈfensɪv/ ●●○ adjective 1 very rude or insulting and likely to upset people OPP inoffensive I found her remarks deeply offensive. offensive to crude jokes that are offensive to women offensive behaviour ► see thesaurus at rude 2 formal very unpleasant an offensive smell

Answer 113

of‧fi‧cial1 /əˈfɪʃəl/ ●●● S3 W1 noun [countable] someone who is in a position of authority in an organization a government official senior administration officials

Answer 114

on‧to, on to /ˈɒntə; before vowels ˈɒntʊ; strong ˈɒntuː $ ˈɑːn-, ˈɒːn-/ ●●● S1 W2 preposition 1 used to say that someone or something moves to a position on a surface, area, or object She watched him walk onto the platform. Don’t jump onto (=into) the bus while it’s moving. Pour the syrup on to the egg mixture. The car rolled over onto its side. down/out/up etc onto something Let’s get back onto the highway. 2 used to say that a room, door, or window faces towards something or allows movement into another place The dining room looks out onto a pretty garden. a gate leading on to a broad track 3 → be onto somebody 4 → be onto something

Answer 115

op‧e‧ra‧tor /ˈɒpəreɪtə $ ˈɑːpəreɪtər/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable]

Answer 116

o‧pin‧ion /əˈpɪnjən/ ●●● S1 W2 noun 1 [countable, uncountable]

Answer 117

op‧po‧nent /əˈpəʊnənt $ əˈpoʊ-/ ●●● W3 noun [countable] 1 someone who you try to defeat in a competition, game, fight, or argument Graf’s opponent in today’s final will be Sukova. leading/main/chief opponent During the primary elections, McCain was Bush’s leading opponent. formidable/worthy opponent In debate he was a formidable opponent. He is admired even by his political opponents. 2 someone who disagrees with a plan, idea, or system and wants to try to stop or change it OPP proponent opponent of Rodgers was not an opponent of the new airport. bitter/vocal/outspoken opponent an outspoken opponent of gun control

Answer 118

op‧por‧tu‧ni‧ty /ˌɒpəˈtjuːnəti $ ˌɑːpərˈtuː-/ ●●● S1 W1 noun (plural opportunities) 1 [countable, uncountable]

Answer 119

op‧pose /əˈpəʊz $ əˈpoʊz/ ●●○ S3 W3 verb [transitive] 1 to disagree with something such as a plan or idea and try to prevent it from happening or succeeding Congress is continuing to oppose the president’s health care budget. 2 to fight or compete against another person or group in a battle, competition, or election He is opposed by two other candidates.

Answer 120

op‧po‧site1 /ˈɒpəzət $ ˈɑːp-/ ●●● S2 W2 preposition 1 especially British English if one thing or person is opposite another, they are facing each other The people sitting opposite us looked very familiar. on the wall opposite the door ► Do not say that one thing is ‘opposite to’ or ‘opposite of’ another. Say that one thing is opposite another: There’s a car park opposite the hotel. 2 → play/star/appear etc opposite somebody adjective: at the opposite end of the scale/spectrum two parties at opposite ends of the political spectrum At the opposite extreme, Ashworth’s style is very simple and modern. Bob was quicker than Ed? It’s usually the opposite way round. opposite to a political philosophy that was opposite to everything she believed in

Answer 121

or‧di‧na‧ry /ˈɔːdənəri $ ˈɔːrdəneri/ ●●● S1 W2 adjective

Answer 122

or‧gan‧ic /ɔːrˈɡænɪk / ●●○ W3 adjective

Answer 123

or‧gan‧ize (also organise British English) /ˈɔːɡənaɪz $ ˈɔːr-/ ●●● S1 W2 verb

Answer 124

or‧i‧gin /ˈɒrɪdʒɪn $ ˈɔː-, ˈɑː-/ ●●● W2 noun [countable, uncountable]

Answer 125

o‧rig‧i‧nal1 /əˈrɪdʒənəl, -/ ●●● S1 W1 adjectiv

Answer 126

right‧eous /ˈraɪtʃəs/ adjective 1 → righteous indignation/anger etc 2 formal morally good and fair a righteous God —righteously adverb —righteousness noun [uncountable] → self-righteous

Answer 127

ought to /ˈɒːt tu:/ ●●● S1 W1 modal verb 1 used to say that someone should do something because it is the best or most sensible thing to do SYN should

Answer 128

o‧ver‧look /ˌəʊvəˈlʊk $ ˌoʊvər-/ ●●○ verb [transitive] 1 to not notice something, or not see how important it is SYN miss It is easy to overlook a small detail like that. Nobody could overlook the fact that box office sales were down. 2 to forgive someone’s mistake, bad behaviour etc and take no action She found him entertaining enough to overlook his faults. 3 if a house, room etc overlooks something, it has a view of it, usually from above Our room overlooks the ocean.

Answer 129

owe /əʊ $ oʊ/ ●●● S2 W3 verb [transitive] 1 MONEY to need to pay someone for something that they have done for you or sold to you, or to need to give someone back money that they have lent you → borrow, lend owe somebody money/£10 etc

Answer 130

own1 /əʊn $ oʊn/ ●●● S1 W1 adjective, pronoun [always after a possessive]

Answer 131

awe1 /ɔː $ ɒː/ ●○○ noun

Answer 132

ode /əʊd $ oʊd/ noun [countable] a poem or song written in order to praise a person or thing ode to Keats’ ‘Ode to a Nightingale’

Answer 133

par‧tic‧i‧pant /pɑːrˈtɪsəpənt / ●●○ AWL noun [countable] someone who is taking part in an activity or event participant in an active participant in the negotiations

Answer 134

/ˈpɑːrtɪsəpəl/ par‧ti‧ci‧ple /ˈpɑːtəsɪpəl, pɑːˈtɪsəpəl $ ˈpɑːr-/ ●●○ noun [countable] technical one of the forms of a verb that are used to make tenses. In English, present participles end in -ing and past participles usually end in -ed or -en.

Answer 135

par‧tic‧i‧pate /pɑːˈtɪsəpeɪt $ pɑːr-/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb [intransitive] formal to take part in an activity or event Some members refused to participate. participate in Everyone in the class is expected to participate actively in these discussions. They welcomed the opportunity to participate fully in the life of the village. ► Participate is never followed immediately by a noun, or by ‘on’ or ‘to’. Say that you participate in something: More people should participate in elections (NOT More people should participate elections). Register In everyday English, people usually say take part rather than participate: She refused to take part in any of the activities.

Answer 136

par‧ti‧ci‧pa‧tion /pɑːˌtɪsəˈpeɪʃən $ pɑːr-/ ●●○ AWL noun [uncountable] the act of taking part in an activity or event SYN involvement Thank you for your participation. participation in We want more participation in the decision-making. entertainment with plenty of audience participation

Answer 137

par‧tic‧u‧lar1 /pərˈtɪkjələr/ ●●● S1 W1 adjective 1 [only before noun] a particular thing or person is the one that you are talking about, and not any other → certain, specific

Answer 138

par‧tic‧u‧lar‧ly /pərˈtɪkjələrli/ ●●● S1 W1 adverb 1 more than usual or more than others SYN especially

Answer 139

per‧ceive /pərˈsiːv/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb [transitive] 1 written to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way → perception

Answer 140

per‧cen‧tage /pərˈsentɪdʒ/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun 1 [countable, uncountable] an amount expressed as if it is part of a total which is 100

Answer 141

per‧form /pərˈfɔːrm/ ●●● S3 W2 verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to do something to entertain people, for example by acting a play or playing a piece of music

Answer 142

per‧fume1 /ˈpɜːrfjuːm / ●●○ noun [countable, uncountable]

Answer 143

per‧form‧ance /pərˈfɔːrməns / ●●● S2 W1 noun 1 [countable] when someone performs a play or a piece of music performance of

Answer 144

per‧haps /pəˈhæps, præps $ pər-, præps/ ●●● S1 W1 adverb 1 used to say that something may be true, but you are not sure SYN maybe

Answer 145

per‧ma‧nent1 /ˈpɜːrmənənt / ●●● S2 W2 adjective continuing to exist for a long time or for all the time in the future OPP temporary

Answer 146

per‧mis‧sion /pərˈmɪʃən/ ●●● S2 W3 noun [uncountable] if you have permission to

Answer 147

per‧mit1 /pərˈmɪt/ ●●○ W3 verb (permitted, permitting) formal N per‧mit2 /ˈpɜːrmɪt $ ˈpɜːr-, pərˈmɪt/ ●●○ noun [countable] an official written statement giving you the right to do something permit for

Answer 148

e‧thos /ˈiːθɒs $ ˈiːθɑːs/ noun [singular] the set of ideas and moral attitudes that are typical of a particular group a community in which people lived according to an ethos of sharing and caring

Answer 149

sol‧i‧dar‧i‧ty /ˌsɑːləˈdærəti / ●○○ noun [uncountable] loyalty and general agreement between all the people in a group, or between different groups, because they all have a shared aim a gesture of solidarity an appeal for worker solidarity show/express/demonstrate your solidarity (with somebody) I come before you today to express my solidarity with the people of New York.

Answer 150

Boe‧ing /ˈbəʊɪŋ/ trademark

Answer 151

ox‧y‧mo‧ron /ˌɒksiˈmɔːrɒn $ ˌɑːksiˈmɔːrɑːn/ noun [countable] technical a deliberate combination of two words that seem to mean the opposite of each other, such as ‘cruel kindness’ Examples from the Corpus oxymoron * This verbal combo is an oxymoron, of course, given all we know about the innately hazardous properties of nicotine. * Compassionate capitalism is not an oxymoron. * New public art outside of the gallery is something of an oxymoron since ironically most art collections are public. * Thursday evening, the work prompted an instant trip to the depths of oxymoron. * Bear with me while I unravel this seeming oxymoron.

Answer 152

per‧son‧nel /ˌpɜːsəˈnel $ ˌpɜːr-/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [plural] the people who work in a company, organization, or military force → staff military/medical/technical etc personnel senior military personnel doctors and other medical personnel All personnel are to receive security badges. 2 [uncountable] the department in a company that chooses people for jobs and deals with their complaints, problems etc SYN human resources A copy should then be sent to Personnel for our files. the personnel department COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES military/service personnel There have been attacks upon US military personnel. security personnel Security personnel have become more thorough in checking passengers' bags. medical personnel There is an acute shortage of medical personnel. technical personnel 800 technical personnel do the design and development of software. trained/qualified personnel The unit is staffed by trained personnel. skilled personnel Organizations need to be able to attract skilled personnel. senior personnel It is crucial that senior personnel be on site from at least 8 am to 8 pm. key personnel Many of the key personnel have left.

Answer 153

per‧suade /pəˈsweɪd $ pər-/ ●●● S3 W2 verb [transitive] 1 to make someone decide to do something, especially by giving them reasons why they should do it, or asking them many times to do it persuade somebody to do something I finally managed to persuade her to go out for a drink with me. persuade somebody into doing something Don’t let yourself be persuaded into buying things you don’t want. try/manage/fail to persuade somebody I’m trying to persuade your dad to buy some shares. attempt/effort to persuade somebody Leo wouldn’t agree, despite our efforts to persuade him. little/a lot of/no persuading He took a lot of persuading to come out of retirement (=it was hard to persuade him). He was fairly easily persuaded. 2 to make someone believe something or feel sure about something SYN convince I am not persuaded by these arguments. persuade somebody (that) She’ll only take me back if I can persuade her that I’ve changed.

Answer 154

pur‧suit /pəˈsjuːt $ pərˈsuːt/ ●○○ AWL noun 1 [uncountable] when someone tries to get, achieve, or find something in a determined way → pursue pursuit of the pursuit of liberty and happiness the pursuit of war criminals in (the) pursuit of something People are having to move to other areas in pursuit of work. 2 [uncountable] when someone chases or follows someone else → pursue in pursuit There were four police cars in pursuit. The quarterback sprinted toward the end zone with Jansen in hot pursuit (=following closely behind). 3 [countable usually plural] formal an activity such as a sport or hobby, which you spend a lot of time doing pursuits such as swimming and tennis

Answer 155

phe‧nom‧e‧non /fɪˈnɒmənən $ fɪˈnɑːmənɑːn, -nən/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun (plural phenomena /-nə/) [countable] 1 something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand phenomenon of the growing phenomenon of telecommuting Homelessness is not a new phenomenon. natural/historical/social etc phenomenon Language is a social and cultural phenomenon. ► see thesaurus at event 2 something or someone that is very unusual because of a rare quality or ability that they have

Answer 156

phi‧los‧o‧phy /fəˈlɒsəfi $ -ˈlɑː-/ ●●● W3 AWL noun (plural philosophies) 1 [uncountable] the study of the nature and meaning of existence, truth, good and evil etc Emma studies philosophy at university. philosophy of the philosophy of science 2 [countable] the views of a particular philosopher or group of philosophers philosophy of the philosophy of Aristotle 3 [countable] the attitude or set of ideas that guides the behaviour of a person or organization The company explained their management philosophy. The idea that you should treat others as you would like them to treat you is a fine philosophy of life.

Answer 157

phrase1 /freɪz/ ●●● S3 W3 noun [countable]

Answer 158

phys‧i‧cal1 /ˈfɪzɪkəl/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL adjective phys‧i‧cally /ˈfɪzɪkli/ ●●○ S3 AWL adverb —physicality /ˌfɪzɪˈkæləti/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 159

phy‧si‧cian /fəˈzɪʃən/ ●●○ noun [countable] especially American English formal a doctor► see thesaurus at doctor

Answer 160

pi‧an‧o1 /piˈænəʊ $ -noʊ/ ●●● S3 noun (plural pianos) [countable]

Answer 161

pitch1 /pɪtʃ/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun 1 SPORTS FIELD [countable] British English a marked out area of ground on which a sport is played SYN field 2 STRONG FEELINGS/ACTIVITY [singular, uncountable] a strong level of feeling about something or a high level of an activity or a quality The controversy reached such a pitch (=become so strong) that the paper devoted a whole page to it. a pitch of excitement/excellence/perfection etc (=a high level of excitement etc) He screamed at her in a pitch of fury.

Answer 162

de‧plat‧form /ˌdiːˈplætfɔːm

Answer 163

po‧lit‧i‧cal /pəˈlɪtɪkəl/ ●●● S2 W1 adjective

Answer 164

pol‧i‧tics /ˈpɒlətɪks $ ˈpɑː-/ ●●● S2 W2 noun 1 [uncountable]

Answer 165

po‧lit‧ic‧ally /pəˈlɪtɪkli/ ●●○ adverb in a political way Women were becoming more politically active. a politically sensitive issue

Answer 166

pol‧i‧ti‧cian /ˌpɒləˈtɪʃən $ ˌpɑː-/ ●●● W2 noun [countable]

Answer 167

poll1 /pəʊl $ poʊl/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [countable] the process of finding out what people think about something by asking many people the same question, or the record of the result SYN opinion poll, survey

Answer 168

pop‧u‧lar1 /ˈpɑːpjələr/

Answer 169

por‧trait1 /ˈpɔːtrɪt $ ˈpɔːr-/ ●●○ noun [countable] por‧tray /pɔːˈtreɪ $ pɔːr-/ ●●○ verb [transitive] 1 → portray somebody/something as something 2 to describe or represent something or someone SYN depict His most famous painting portrayed the death of Nelson. Religion was portrayed in a negative way.

Answer 170

por‧tray /pɔːˈtreɪ $ pɔːr-/ ●●○ verb [transitive] 1 → portray somebody/something as something 2 to describe or represent something or someone SYN depict

Answer 171

po‧si‧tion1 /pəˈzɪʃən/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 WAY OF STANDING/SITTING ETC [countable]

Answer 172

pos‧sess /pəˈzes/ ●●○ W3 verb [transitive] 1 formal to have a particular quality or ability Different workers possess different skills. He no longer possessed the power to frighten her.

Answer 173

pos‧si‧bil‧i‧ty /ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti $ ˌpɑː-/ ●●● S2 W2 noun (plural possibilities)

Answer 174

pos‧si‧bly /ˈpɒsəbli $ ˈpɑː-/ ●●● S1 W2 adverb likely, perhaps, maybe

Answer 175

po‧ta‧to /pəˈteɪtəʊ $ -toʊ/ ●●● S2 noun (plural potatoes)

Answer 176

to‧ma‧to /təˈmɑːtəʊ $ -ˈmeɪtoʊ/ ●●● S2 noun (plural tomatoes) [countable]

Answer 177

po‧ten‧tial1 /pəˈtenʃəl/ ●●● S3 W2 AWL adjective [only before noun]

Answer 178

po‧ten‧tial‧ly /pəˈtenʃəli/ ●●○ AWL adverb [+adj/adverb]

Answer 179

pour /pɔː $ pɔːr/ ●●● S2 W3 verb LIQUID [transitive] to make a liquid or other substance flow out of or into a container by holding it at an angle

Answer 180

prac‧ti‧cal1 /ˈpræktɪkəl/ ●●● S3 W2 adjective theoretical

Answer 181

pre‧cise‧ly /prɪˈsaɪsli/ ●●○ W3 AWL adverb 1 exactly and correctly SYN exactly - accurately

Answer 182

mi‧li‧tia /məˈlɪʃə/ ●○○ noun [countable] a group of people trained as soldiers, who are not part of the permanent army He joined the local militia as soon as he was 16. a militia leader a left-wing militia group

Answer 183

pre‧dict /prɪˈdɪkt/ ●●● W3 AWL verb

Answer 184

pre‧fer /prɪˈfɜː $ -ˈfɜːr/ ●●● S2 W2 verb (preferred, preferring) [transitive]

Answer 185

pref‧e‧rence /ˈprefərəns/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [countable, uncountable]

Answer 186

pre‧scrip‧tion /prɪˈskrɪpʃən/ ●●○ noun [countable]

Answer 187

/əˌmælgəˈmeɪʃən/ noun [countable, uncountable] when two or more organizations amalgamate, often in order to increase profits by cutting costs the amalgamation of the regional sales operations into one national salesforce There are plans for the reorganization of the industry, including amalgamations and some closures. the action or process of uniting or merging two or more things

Answer 188

pa‧role1 /pəˈrəʊl $ -ˈroʊl/ noun [uncountable] permission for someone to leave prison, on the condition that they promise to behave well on parole He was released on parole after serving two years. She will become eligible for parole in 19 months. parole2 verb [transitive] to allow someone to leave prison on the condition that they promise to behave well • The prison governor said projects like this provide an important stepping stone for men shortly to be paroled.

Answer 189

hom‧i‧cide /ˈhɒmɪsaɪd $ ˈhɑː-/ ●○○ noun 1 [countable, uncountable] especially American English the crime of murder → manslaughter► see thesaurus at crime 2 [uncountable] American English the police department that deals with murders

Answer 190

path‧o‧log‧i‧cal /ˌpæθəˈlɒdʒɪkəl◂ $ -ˈlɑː-/ adjective 1 pathological behaviour or feelings happen regularly, and are strong, unreasonable, and impossible to control a pathological hatred of women a pathological liar 2 a mental or physical condition that is pathological is caused by disease pathological conditions such as cancer 3 relating to pathology —pathologically /-kli/ adverb Stephen was almost pathologically jealous of his brother.

Answer 191

dis‧sent1 /dɪˈsent/ ●○○ noun 1 [uncountable] refusal to agree with an official decision or accepted opinion SYN opposition, → consent, assent the ruthless suppression of political dissent These voices of dissent grew louder. 2 [countable] law a statement by a judge giving their reasons for disagreeing with the other judges in a law case

Answer 192

de‧scen‧dant /dɪˈsendənt/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 someone who is related to a person who lived a long time ago, or to a family, group of people etc that existed in the past → ancestor somebody’s descendants/the descendants of somebody The coastal areas were occupied by the descendants of Greek colonists. He was a direct descendant of Napoleon Bonaparte. ► see thesaurus at relative 2 something that has developed from something else descendant of Quechua is a descendant of the Inca language.

Answer 193

de‧test /dɪˈtest/ verb [transitive] to hate something or someone very much The two men detested each other. ► see thesaurus at hate —detestation /ˌdiːteˈsteɪʃən/ noun [uncountable] GRAMMAR: Using the progressive Detest is not used in the progressive. You say: I detest housework. ✗Don’t say: I am detesting housework

Answer 194

al‧u‧min‧i‧um /ˌæləˈmɪniəm/ British English, aluminum /əˈluːmənəm/ American English ●●○ noun [uncountable]

Answer 195

lease1 /liːs/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car etc for a period of time, in return for rent lease on They took out a lease on a seven-acre field. The landlord refused to renew his lease. The 99-year lease expired in 1999. Do you understand all the terms of the lease?

Answer 196

grey1 British English, gray American English /ɡreɪ/ ●●● S2 W2 adjective 1 COLOUR

Answer 197

nos‧y1, nosey /ˈnəʊzi $ ˈnoʊ-/ ●○○ adjective (comparative nosier, superlative nosiest) always wanting to find out things that do not concern you, especially other people’s private affairs Don’t be so nosy! a nosy neighbor —nosiness noun [uncountable] —nosily adverb

Answer 198

fun‧gus /ˈfʌŋɡəs/ ●○○ noun (plural fungi /-dʒaɪ, -ɡaɪ/ or funguses) [countable, uncountable]

Answer 199

re‧cruit1 /rɪˈkruːt/ ●●○ verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to find new people to work in a company, join an organization, do a job etc We’re having difficulty recruiting enough qualified staff.

Answer 200

un‧hinge /ʌnˈhɪndʒ/ verb [transitive] to make someone become very upset or mentally ill The terrible experience seemed to have unhinged him slightly. —unhinged adjective

Answer 201

o‧bey /əʊˈbeɪ, ə- $ oʊ-, ə-/ ●●● W3 verb [intransitive, transitive] to do what someone in authority tells you to do, or what a law or rule says you must do OPP disobey disobedience

Answer 202

multi- /mʌlti/ mul‧ti‧ple1 /ˈmʌltəpəl/ ●●○ adjective [only before noun] mul‧ti‧ply /ˈmʌltəplaɪ/ ●●○ verb (multiplied, multiplying, multiplies) 1 [intransitive, transitive]

Answer 203

/lim/ an arm or leg on a limb (alone and without help and support) /limp/ : not firm or strong Limb: 3 → strong-limbed/long-limbed etc 4 a large branch of a tree → risk life and limb2(1), → tear somebody limb from limb Cost an arm and a leg INFORMAL be extremely expensive. "the coat had cost him an arm and a leg"

Answer 204

con‧sec‧u‧tive /kənˈsekjətɪv/ ●●○ adjective consecutive numbers or periods of time follow one after the other without any interruptions OPP non-consecutive It had rained for four consecutive days. Can they win the title for the third consecutive season? —consecutively adverb Number the pages consecutively.

Answer 205

False dilemma di‧chot‧o‧my /daɪˈkɒtəmi $ -ˈkɑː-/ noun (plural dichotomies) [countable] formal the difference between two things or ideas that are completely opposite dichotomy between a dichotomy between his public and private lives

Answer 206

lump1 /lʌmp/ ●●○ noun [countable] 1 a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape Strain the custard to remove lumps. lump of Melt a lump of butter in your frying-pan. ► see thesaurus at piece 2 a small hard swollen area that sticks out from someone’s skin or grows in their body, usually because of an illness You should never ignore a breast lump.

Answer 207

li‧bra‧ry /ˈlaɪbreri/ ●●● S2 W1 noun (plural libraries) [countable]

Answer 208

/kɪˈlɑːmɪtər/ /ˈkɪləɡræm/

Answer 209

o‧bliv‧i‧on /əˈblɪviən/ noun [uncountable] 1 when something is completely forgotten or no longer important sink/slip/pass etc into oblivion Wind power presents too many advantages to be allowed to sink into oblivion. The loser’s name has been consigned to oblivion (=completely forgotten).

Answer 210

i‧ma‧gi‧na‧ry /ɪˈmædʒənəri $ -neri/ ●○○ adjective not real, but produced from pictures or ideas in your mind → fictional As she listened, she played an imaginary piano on her knees. We must protect older people from harm, whether it is real or imaginary.

Answer 211

he‧red‧i‧ty /həˈredəti/ noun [uncountable] the process by which mental and physical qualities are passed from a parent to a child before the child is born → genetics

Answer 212

in‧doc‧tri‧nate /ɪnˈdɒktrəneɪt $ ɪnˈdɑːk-/ verb [transitive] to train someone to accept a particular set of beliefs, especially political or religious ones, and not consider any others People were indoctrinated not to question their leaders. —indoctrination /ɪnˌdɒktrəˈneɪʃən $ ɪnˌdɑːk-/ noun [uncountable] The military in particular were subjected to intense political indoctrination. → See Verb table Examples from the Corpus indoctrinate • Citizens were indoctrinated into believing that their leader was the source of all wisdom and goodness. • Training seminars and retreats are held to indoctrinate recruits.

Answer 213

i‧de‧ol‧o‧gy /ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi $ -ˈɑːl-/ ●○○ AWL noun (plural ideologies) [countable, uncountable] a set of beliefs on which a political or economic system is based, or which strongly influence the way people behave → philosophy the ideologies of fascism and communism a new ideology based on individualism

Answer 214

swas‧ti‧ka /ˈswɒstɪkə $ ˈswɑː-/ noun [countable] dog‧mat‧ic /dɒɡˈmætɪk $ dɒːɡ-, dɑːɡ-/ adjective someone who is dogmatic is completely certain of their beliefs and expects other people to accept them without arguing Her staff find her bossy and dogmatic. —dogmatically /-kli/ adverb —dogmatism /ˈdɒɡmətɪzəm $ ˈdɒːɡ-, ˈdɑːɡ-/ noun [uncountable] the narrow dogmatism of the past —dogmatist noun [countable]

Answer 215

with‧er /ˈwɪðə $ -ər/ (also wither away) verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] if plants wither, or if something withers them, they become drier and smaller and start to die 2 [intransitive] to gradually become weaker or less successful and then end His career had withered. The organization just withered away

Answer 216

scold /skəʊld $ skoʊld/ verb [transitive] to angrily criticize someone, especially a child, about something they have done SYN tell off

Answer 217

min‧is‧ter1 /ˈmɪnɪstə $ -ər/ ●●○ noun [countable]

Answer 218

pres‧i‧den‧tial /ˌprezɪˈdenʃəl◂/ ●●○ adjective [usually before noun]

Answer 219

un‧pre‧ce‧dent‧ed /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ ●○○ AWL adjective never having happened before, or never having happened so much He took the unprecedented step of stating that the rumours were false. Crime has increased on an unprecedented scale. unprecedented in an event that is unprecedented in recent history ► see thesaurus at unusual —unprecedentedly adverb

Answer 220

pre‧de‧ces‧sor /ˈpredəsesər/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 someone who had your job before you started doing it OPP successor (/səkˈsesər/ ●○○ AWL noun [countable] 1 someone who takes a job or position previously held by someone else) Kennedy’s predecessor as president was the war hero Dwight Eisenhower. 2 a machine, system etc that existed before another one in a process of development OPP successor The new BMW has a more powerful engine than its predecessor.

Answer 221

pres‧sure1 /ˈpreʃə $ -ər/ ●●● S1 W1

Answer 222

pre‧cious1 /ˈpreʃəs/ ●●○ adjective 1 something that is precious is valuable and important and should not be wasted or used without care

Answer 223

pre‧tend1 /prɪˈtend/ ●●● S2 W3 verb pre‧tend‧er /prɪˈtendə $ -ər/ noun [countable] someone who claims to have a right to be king, leader etc, when this is not accepted by many people pretender to the pretender to the English throne

Answer 224

pre‧vent /prɪˈvent/ ●●● S2 W1 verb [transitive]

Answer 225

/kəmɔːrˈbɪdəti -/ noun [countable] In medicine, comorbidity—from Latin morbus, co, -ity—is the presence of one or more additional conditions often co-occurring with a primary condition. [morbidity]

Answer 226

pre‧vi‧ous /ˈpriːviəs/ ●●● S1 W1 AWL adjective 1 [only before noun] having happened or existed before the event, time, or thing that you are talking about now = last pre‧vi‧ous‧ly /ˈpriːviəsli/ ●●● S3 W2 AWL adverb = before

Answer 227

pre‧view1 /ˈpriːvjuː/ noun & v [countable]

Answer 228

pri‧ma‧ri‧ly /ˈpraɪmərəli $ praɪˈmerəli/ ●●○ W3 AWL adverb mainly The advertisement is aimed primarily at children.

Answer 229

prime1 /praɪm/ ●○○ AWL adjective [only before noun] main

Answer 230

pri‧ma‧ry1 /ˈpraɪməri $ -meri/ ●●○ W2 AWL adjective primary objective / aim education British English → elementary (American English)

Answer 231

prin‧ci‧ple /ˈprɪnsəpəl/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL noun 1 MORAL RULE [countable, uncountable] a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong, that influences how you behave Schools try to teach children a set of principles. He’s got no principles at all! It’s against my principles to accept gifts from clients. 2 IDEA BEHIND SOMETHING [countable] the basic idea that a plan or system is based on The general principle is that education should be available to all children up to the age of 16. basic/fundamental/guiding principle the basic principles of business management principle of the principles of French law principle that Reflexology is based on the principle that specific areas on the feet correspond to different parts of the body. on a principle The project worked on the principle that each person’s experience was equally valuable. principle behind the principles behind government policies He called for a return to first principles (=the most important ideas) of road safety for children. Similar principles apply in the case of older children (=the principles are the same as others that have been mentioned).

Answer 232

prin‧ci‧pal1 /ˈprɪnsəpəl/ ●●○ W2 AWL adjective [only before noun] most important SYN main His principal reason for making the journey was to visit his family. Teaching is her principal source of income. the principal character in the book ► see thesaurus at important, main → principally Examples from the Corpus principal * The principal component, as always, is lack of language proficiency. * And in fact public shaming was one of the principal functions of police registration and surveillance. * The principal method of inquiry is analysis of company records and other contemporary sources. principal2 ●●○ noun 1 SCHOOL [countable] American English someone who is in charge of a school SYN headteacher British English a small school with just three teachers and the principal

Answer 233

pri‧or‧i‧ty1 /praɪˈɒrəti $ -ˈɔːr-/ ●●○ S3 W2 AWL noun (plural priorities)

Answer 234

prioritize /praɪˈɒrətaɪz/ Word family (noun) priority prioritization (verb) prioritize From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English pri‧o‧ri‧tize (also prioritise British English) ●○○ AWL verb [transitive] 1 to put several things, problems etc in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important ones first You need to prioritize your tasks. 2 to deal with one thing first, because it is the most important The public wants to see the fight against crime prioritized. —prioritization /praɪˌɒrətaɪˈzeɪʃən $ -ˌɔːrətə-/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 235

prob‧a‧bly /ˈprɒbəbli $ ˈprɑː-/ ●●● S1 W1 adverb used to say that something is likely to happen, likely to be true etc

Answer 236

pro‧ce‧dure /prəˈsiːdʒə $ -ər/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun [countable, uncountable]

Answer 237

pro‧ceed /prəˈsiːd/ ●●○ S3 W3

Answer 238

pro‧gres‧sive1 /prəˈɡresɪv/ ●○○ adjective 1 supporting new or modern ideas and methods, especially in politics and education a progressive administration progressive and forward-looking policies 2 happening or developing gradually over a period of time progressive decline/reduction/increase etc the progressive increase in population Britain’s progressive decline as a world power

Answer 239

(adjective) sworn1 /swɔːn $ swɔːrn/ verb the past participle of swear

Answer 240

in‧ad‧e‧quate /ɪnˈædəkwət/ ●●○ AWL adjective 1 not good enough, big enough, skilled enough etc for a particular purpose OPP adequate

Answer 241

dil‧i‧gent /ˈdɪlədʒənt/ adjective someone who is diligent works hard and is careful and thorough a diligent student —diligently adverb They worked diligently all morning. —diligence noun [uncountable]

Answer 242

prom‧i‧nent /ˈprɒmɪnənt $ ˈprɑː-/ ●○○ adjective 1. Important 2. Easily seen 3. Large (a prominent nose)

Answer 243

prom‧ise1 /ˈprɒmɪs $ ˈprɑː-/ ●●● S2 W2 verb spelling

Answer 244

pro‧mote /prəˈməʊt $ -ˈmoʊt/ ●●○ W2 AWL verb [transitive] 1 ENCOURAGE to help something to develop or increase a meeting to promote trade between Taiwan and the UK Fertilizer promotes leaf growth. 2 BETTER JOB to give someone a better more responsible job in a company OPP demote promote somebody to something Helen was promoted to senior manager. Grammar Promote is often passive in this meaning.

Answer 245

proof1 /pruːf/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun 1 EVIDENCE [countable, uncountable] proof2 adjective → be proof against something Related topics: Clothes & fashion proof3 verb [transitive] British English 1 to treat a material with a substance in order to protect it against water, oil etc be proofed against something climbing gear proofed against water Grammar Proof is usually passive in this meaning. 2 to proofread something Do you want me to proof those documents for you?

Answer 246

prove /pruːv/ ●●● S2 W1 verb (past tense proved, past participle proved or proven /ˈpruːvən/ especially American English) 1 SHOW SOMETHING IS TRUE [transitive] to show that something is true by providing facts, information etc → proof You’re wrong, and I can prove it. prove (that) Tests have proved that the system works. prove something to somebody I knew he had done it, but there was no way I could prove it to Eddie. prove somebody’s guilt/innocence He claims the police destroyed records that could prove the officer’s guilt. prove somebody wrong/innocent etc They say I’m too old, but I’m going to prove them all wrong. To prove his point (=show that he was right), he mentioned several other experiments which had produced similar results. Grammar You prove something to someone: I will prove to you that I’m right. ✗Don’t say: I will prove you that I’m right. 2 BE [linking verb] if someone or something proves difficult, helpful, a problem etc, they are difficult, helpful, a problem etc The recent revelations may prove embarrassing to the president. prove to be something The design proved to be a success.

Answer 247

on‧set /ˈɒnset $ ˈɑːn-, ˈɒːn-/ ●○○ noun → the onset of something COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES sudden Consult the doctor if there is a very sudden onset of fever. abrupt the abrupt onset of the rainy season in India (=happening very quickly and suddenly) rapid Symptoms may include the rapid onset of nausea and vomiting. early/late onset (=happening earlier or later than commonly happens – used especially about serious illnesses) The patient had a family history of early onset Alzheimer's disease. VERBS delay the onset of something An active and healthy lifestyle can delay the onset of disease in later life. mark the onset of something The tradition originates from an old Celtic feast marking the onset of winter.

Answer 248

pro‧pose /prəˈpəʊz $ -ˈpoʊz/ ●●○ W2 verb 1 SUGGEST [transitive] formal to suggest something as a plan or course of action → proposal

Answer 249

o‧nus /ˈəʊnəs $ ˈoʊ-/ noun [singular] formal the responsibility for something the onus is on somebody to do something The onus is on the prosecution to provide proof of guilt.

Answer 250

pros‧e‧cu‧tor /ˈprɑːsɪkjuːtər/ ●○○ noun [countable] a lawyer who is trying to prove in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime =/ defense attorney / lawyer

Answer 251

prov‧ince /ˈprɒvəns $ ˈprɑː-/ ●●○ noun 1 (also Province) [countable] one of the large areas into which some countries are divided, and which usually has its own local government a Chinese province 2 → the provinces 3 [singular] formal a subject that someone knows a lot about or something that only they are responsible for province of Computers were once the exclusive province of scientists and mathematicians.

Answer 252

di‧scrim‧i‧na‧tion /dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən/ ●●○ noun [uncountable] 1 the practice of treating one person or group differently from another in an unfair way laws to prevent discrimination discrimination against widespread discrimination against older people in the job market discrimination in favour of discrimination in favour of university graduates → positive discrimination, reverse discrimination

Answer 253

prej‧u‧dice1 /ˈpredʒədɪs/ ●●○ noun 1 [countable, uncountable] an unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different from you in some way, especially because of their race, sex, religion etc – used to show disapproval

Answer 254

racial prejudice prejudice against women discrimination the practice of treating one group of people differently from another in an unfair way There is widespread discrimination against older people. the laws on sex discrimination intolerance an unreasonable refusal to accept beliefs, customs, and ways of thinking that are different from your own religious intolerance There is an atmosphere of intolerance in the media. bigotry a completely unreasonable hatred for people of a different race, religion etc, based on strong and fixed opinions religious bigotry the bigotry directed at Jews and other ethnic groups racism/racial prejudice unfair treatment of people because they belong to a different race Many black people have been the victims of racism in Britain. Some immigrant groups faced racism, for example Jews and Italians, while others, such as Scandinavians, did not. sexism the belief that one sex, especially women, is weaker, less intelligent etc than the other, especially when this results in someone being treated unfairly sexism in language She accused him of sexism. ageism (also agism American English) unfair treatment of people because they are old The new law aims to stop ageism in the workplace. homophobia prejudice towards or hatred of gay people homophobia in the armed forces xenophobia /ˌzenəˈfəʊbiə $ -ˈfoʊ-/ hatred and fear of foreigners the xenophobia of the right-wing press anti-Semitism a strong feeling of hatred toward Jewish people Is anti-Semitism on the increase? Islamophobia hatred and fear of Muslims the rise of Islamophobia and right-wing extremism in Europe gay/union/America etc bashing unfair public criticism of gay people, union members, the American government etc The minister was accused of union bashing. There's so much America-bashing in the liberal press.

Answer 255

racist bigot Islamophobic white supremacists

Answer 256

the‧sau‧rus /θɪˈsɔːrəs/ noun (plural thesauruses or thesauri /-raɪ/) [countable

Answer 257

a large machine that digs and moves earth [gold digger]

Answer 258

pro‧vi‧sion1 /prəˈvɪʒən/ ●●○ noun 1 [countable usually singular, uncountable] when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future provision of the provision of childcare facilities provision for provision for people with disabilities He made provisions for his wife and his children in his will. 2 → provisions 3 [countable] a condition in an agreement or law The agreement includes a provision for each side to check the other side’s weapons. under the provisions of something Under the provisions of the Act, employers must supply safety equipment.

Answer 259

psy‧cho‧log‧i‧cal /ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl◂ $ -ˈlɑː-/ ●●○ W3 AWL adjective 1 relating to the way that your mind works and the way that this affects your behaviour SYN mental

Answer 260

pub‧lic‧i‧ty /pʌˈblɪsəti/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun [uncountable] 1 the attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, television etc Standards in education have received much publicity over the last few years. bad/good/unwelcome etc publicity negative press

Answer 261

pull1 /pʊl/ ●●● S1 W1 verb push1 /pʊʃ/ ●●● S1 W1 verb

Answer 262

en‧deav‧our1 British English, endeavor American English /ɪnˈdevə $ -ər/ ●○○ verb [intransitive] formal to try very hard endeavour to do something We always endeavor to please our customers.

Answer 263

per‧sis‧tent /pərˈsɪstənt/ ●○○ AWL adjective 1 [usually before noun] continuing to exist or happen, especially for longer than is usual or desirable

Answer 264

per‧pet‧u‧al /pəˈpetʃuəl $ pər-/ ●○○ adjective [usually before noun] 1 continuing all the time without changing or stopping SYN continuous the perpetual noise of the machines a little girl with a perpetual smile ► see thesaurus at permanent

Answer 265

en‧dure /ɪnˈdjʊr/ ●○○ verb 1 [transitive] to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without complaining It seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain. endure doing something He can’t endure being apart from me. Register In everyday English, people usually say stand rather than endure: I couldn’t stand the pain.

Answer 266

quar‧ter‧back1 /ˈkwɔːtəbæk $ ˈkwɔːrtər-/ noun [countable] 1 the player in American football who directs the team’s attacking play and passes the ball to the other players at the start of each attack

Answer 267

qui‧et1 /ˈkwaɪət/ ●●● S2 W2 adjective (comparative quieter, superlative quietest) quite /kwaɪt/ ●●● S1 W1 predeterminer, adverb 1 especially American English very, but not extremely → pretty

Answer 268

rad‧i‧cal1 /ˈrædɪkəl/ ●●○ W3 AWL adjective 1 CHANGE/DIFFERENCE a radical change or difference is very big and important OPP slight

Answer 269

rise1 /raɪz/ ●●● S2 W1 verb (past tense rose /rəʊz $ roʊz/, past participle risen /ˈrɪzən/) [intransitive] raise1 /reɪz/ ●●● S1 W1 verb [transitive] 1 MOVE HIGHER to move or lift something to a higher position, place, or level

Answer 270

reach1 /riːtʃ/ ●●● S1 W1 verb 1 DEVELOPMENT [transitive] rich /rɪtʃ/ ●●● S2 W2 adjective (comparative richer, superlative richest)

Answer 271

read‧i‧ly /ˈredəli/ ●●○ W3 adverb 1 quickly and easily Boats are readily available to visitors. The information is readily accessible on the Internet. 2 quickly, willingly, and without complaining Jack readily agreed to help.

Answer 272

rea‧lize (also realise British English) /ˈrɪəlaɪz/ ●●● S1 W1 verb [transitive]

Answer 273

rea‧son‧a‧ble /ˈriːzənəbəl/ ●●● S1 W2 adjective 1 fair and sensible OPP unreasonable

Answer 274

de‧ceit /dɪˈsiːt/ noun [countable, uncountable] behaviour that is intended to make someone believe something that is not true an atmosphere of hypocrisy and deceit deliberate/calculated/outright deceit deceitful

Answer 275

re‧call1 /rɪˈkɔːl $ ˈriːkɒːl/ ●●○ S3 W3

Answer 276

useful idiot noun pluraluseful idiots : a naive or credulous person who can be manipulated or exploited to advance a cause or political agenda It is one task of the KGB [in 1982] to apply its skills of secrecy and deception to projecting the Soviet party's influence.

Answer 277

/rɪˈkʌvəri/

Answer 278

rec‧om‧mend /ˌrekəˈmend/ v ●●● S2 W2

Answer 279

re‧duce /rɪˈdjuːs $ rɪˈduːs/ ●●● S1 W1 verb 1 [transitive] to make something smaller or less in size, amount, or price SYN cut, → reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃən/

Answer 280

re‧fer /rɪˈfɜː $ -ɜːr/ ●●● S1 W1 verb (referred, referring) → refer to somebody/something → See Verb table

Answer 281

ref‧er‧ence1 /ˈrefərəns/ ●●● S2 W1 noun re‧fer‧ral /rɪˈfɜːrəl/ noun [countable, uncountable] formal

Answer 282

re‧form1 /rɪˈfɔːm $ -ɔːrm/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable, uncountable]

Answer 283

ref‧uge /ˈrefjuːdʒ/ ●○○ noun ref‧u‧gee /ˌrefjʊˈdʒiː/ ●●○ noun [countable]

Answer 284

re‧fuse1 /rɪˈfjuːz/ ●●● S2 W1 verb

Answer 285

re‧gard1 /rɪˈɡɑːd $ -ɑːrd/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 ADMIRATION/RESPECT [uncountable] /rɪˈ~/

Answer 286

re‧gime /reˈʒiːm/ ●○○ AWL noun [countable]

Answer 287

con‧tro‧ver‧sy /ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi, kənˈtrɒvəsi $ ˈkɑːntrəvɜːrsi/ ●●○ AWL noun (plural controversies) [countable, uncountable] con‧tro‧ver‧sial /ˌkɒntrəˈvɜːʃəl◂ $ ˌkɑːntrəˈvɜːr-/ ●●○ AWL adjective causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed the controversial issue of welfare reform

Answer 288

con‧spi‧ra‧cy /kənˈspɪrəsi/ ●○○ noun (plural conspiracies) [countable, uncountable] 1 a secret plan made by two or more people to do something that is harmful or illegal → conspire conspiracy to do something He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage. conspiracy against a conspiracy against the government There were many conspiracy theories (=beliefs that something is the result of a conspiracy) surrounding Princess Diana’s death. ► see thesaurus at plan

Answer 289

re‧gion /ˈriːdʒən/ ●●● S1 W1 AWL noun [countable] 1 a large area of a country or of the world, usually without exact limits SYN area re‧gion‧al /ˈriːdʒənəl/ ●●● S1 W2 AWL adjective [usually before noun] relating to a particular region or area → local

Answer 290

register2 ●●○ S3 W3 AWL verb re‧gis‧ter1 /ˈredʒɪstər/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL noun

Answer 291

reg‧u‧lar1 /ˈreɡjələ $ -ər/ ●●● S2 W2 adjective 1 EVERY HOUR/DAY/WEEK ETC happening every hour, every week, every month etc, usually with the same amount of time in between OPP irregular reg‧u‧lar‧ly /ˈreɡjələli $ -ərli/ ●●● S3 W3 adverb

Answer 292

reg‧u‧late /ˈreɡjəleɪt/ ●○○ AWL verb [transitive]

Answer 293

re‧in‧force /ˌriːənˈfɔːrs/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb [transitive]

Answer 294

rel‧a‧tive‧ly /ˈrelətɪvli/ ●●○ S3 W2 adverb

Answer 295

/ˈrelətɪv/ relative ˈpronoun noun [countable] technical a pronoun such as ‘who’, ‘which’, or ‘that’ by which a relative clause is connected to the rest of the sentence relative ˈclause ●●○ noun [countable] technical a part of a sentence that has a verb in it, and is joined to the rest of the sentence by ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘where’ etc, for example the phrase ‘who lives next door’ in the sentence ‘The man who lives next door is a doctor.’

Answer 296

pro‧noun /ˈprəʊnaʊn $ ˈproʊ-/ ●●● noun [countable]

Answer 297

re‧lax /rɪˈlæks/ ●●● S3 W3 AWL verb 1 REST [intransitive, transitive]

Answer 298

spec‧ta‧cle /ˈspektəkəl/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 a very impressive show or scene a multimedia dance and opera spectacle 2 [usually singular] an unusual or interesting thing or situation that you see or notice – used especially in order to show disapproval The trial was turned into a public spectacle. spectacle of the spectacle of drunken young men on the streets ► see thesaurus at sight spectacular1 /spekˈtækjələ $ -ər/ ●●○ adjective

Answer 299

rel‧e‧vant /ˈreləvənt/ ●●● S2 W2

Answer 300

e‧rode /ɪˈrəʊd $ ɪˈroʊd/ ●○○ AWL (also erode away) verb [intransitive, transitive] e‧ro‧sion /ɪˈrəʊʒən $ ɪˈroʊ-/ [=e'road] ●○○ AWL noun [uncountable] 1 the process by which rock or soil is gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea

Answer 301

ac‧cu‧sa‧tion /ˌækjəˈzeɪʃən/ ●○○ noun [countable] a statement saying that someone is guilty of a crime or of doing something wrong accusation against A number of serious accusations have been made against her. The main accusation levelled against him was that he tried to avoid military service. accusation of His administration now faces accusations of corruption. accusation that

Answer 302

re‧lief /rɪˈliːf/ ●●○ W2 noun a welcome relief: The holiday was a welcome relief from the pressure of work.

Answer 303

re‧lieve /rɪˈliːv/ ●●○ S3 verb [transitive] 1 PAIN relieve yourself a polite expression meaning to urinate – often used humorously

Answer 304

re‧li‧gion /rɪˈlɪdʒən/ ●●● S2 W2 noun 1 [uncountable] a belief in one or more gods The U.S. Constitution promises freedom of religion. a course on philosophy and religion re‧li‧gious /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/ ●●● S2 W2 adjective 1 relating to religion in general or to a particular religion I don’t share her religious beliefs. a religious school the dates of major religious observances such as Easter or Christmas

Answer 305

rig‧or‧ous /ˈrɪɡərəs/ ●○○ adjective 1 careful, thorough, and exact a rigorous analysis of defence needs the rigorous standards required by the college 2 very severe or strict rigorous army training —rigorously adverb

Answer 306

Gre‧go‧ri‧an cal‧en‧dar /ɡrɪˌɡɔːriən ˈkæləndə $ -dər/ noun [singular] the system of arranging the 365 days of the year in months and giving numbers to the years from the birth of Christ, used in the West since 1582 Gre·go·ri·an chant /ɡrɪˌɡɔːriən ˈtʃɑːnt $ -ˈtʃænt/ noun [countable, uncountable] a kind of church music for voices alone

Answer 307

Lunisolar calendar A lunisolar calendar is a calendar in many cultures, incorporating lunar calendars and solar calendars to accommodate seasons as well. The date of lunisolar calendars therefore indicates both the Moon phase and the time of the solar year, that is the position of the Sun in the Earth's sky. leap month. The earliest record of the Chinese lunisolar calendar is the Zhou dynasty (1050 BC – 771 BC). from 1912 the Gregorian calendar is also in use in China

Answer 308

spelling accommodation

Answer 309

chron‧o‧log‧i‧cal /ˌkrɒnəˈlɒdʒɪkəl◂ $ ˌkrɑːnəˈlɑː-/ adjective 1 arranged according to when things happened or were made We arranged the documents in chronological order. 2 → chronological age —chronologically /-kli/ adverb The paintings are displayed chronologically.

Answer 310

ac‧quis‧i‧tive /əˈkwɪzətɪv/ adjective wanting to have and keep a lot of possessions —acquisitiveness noun [uncountable] acquire acquisition

Answer 311

com‧pli‧ance /kəmˈplaɪəns/ noun [uncountable] formal when someone obeys a rule, agreement, or demand → comply con‧form /kənˈfɔːm $ -ɔːrm/ ●○○ AWL verb [intransitive] 1 to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave → conformist the pressure on schoolchildren to conform conform to/with

Answer 312

tough1 /tʌf/ ●●● S2 W2 adjective (comparative tougher, superlative toughest) 1 difficult to do or deal with

Answer 313

or‧chid /ˈɔːkɪd $ ˈɔːr-/ noun [countable] Image of orchida plant that has flowers which are brightly coloured and unusually shaped

Answer 314

cac‧tus /ˈkæktəs/ noun (plural cacti /-taɪ/ or cactuses) [countable] Image of cactusa desert plant with sharp points instead of leaves

Answer 315

anti-Sem‧i‧tis‧m /ˌæntɪ ˈsemətɪzəm/ noun [uncountable] hatred of Jewish people the struggle against fascism and anti-Semitism ► see thesaurus at prejudice

Answer 316

co‧lo‧ni‧al1 /kəˈləʊniəl $ -ˈloʊ-/ ●○○ adjective 1 relating to a country that controls and rules other countries, usually ones that are far away → colony the struggle against colonial rule Britain was the largest colonial power. 2 made in a style that was common in the US in the 18th century a large colonial house 3 relating to the US when it was under British rule The town was first established in colonial times.

Answer 317

co‧lo‧ni‧al‧is‧m /kəˈləʊniəlɪzəm $ -ˈloʊ-/ noun [uncountable] when a powerful country rules a weaker one, and establishes its own trade and society there → colony, imperialism a legacy of European colonialism

Answer 318

col‧o‧ny /ˈkɒləni $ ˈkɑː-/ ●●○ noun (plural colonies) [countable] 1 a country or area that is under the political control of a more powerful country, usually one that is far away → colonial, colonize Algeria was formerly a French colony.

Answer 319

im‧pe‧ri‧al‧is‧m /ɪmˈpɪəriəlɪzəm $ -ˈpɪr-/ noun [uncountable] 1 a political system in which one country rules a lot of other countries → colonialism a book on the history of British imperialism 2 the way in which a rich or powerful country’s way of life, culture, businesses etc influence and change a poorer country’s way of life etc cultural/economic/social etc imperialism Small nations resent Western cultural imperialism. —imperialist noun [countable] —imperialist, imperialistic adjective co‧lo‧ni‧al‧is‧m /kəˈləʊniəlɪzəm $ -ˈloʊ-/ noun [uncountable] when a powerful country rules a weaker one, and establishes its own trade and society there → colony, imperialism a legacy of European colonialism col‧o‧nist /ˈkɒlənɪst $ ˈkɑː-/ noun [countable] someone who settles in a new colony The colonists struggled through their first winter.

Answer 320

re‧ly /rɪˈlaɪ/ ●●● S3 W2 AWL verb (relied, relying, relies) → rely on/upon somebody/something

Answer 321

re‧lay1 /ˈriːleɪ/ ●○○ noun 1 → in relays 2 [countable] a relay race the 100 metres relay 3 [countable, uncountable] a piece of electrical equipment that receives radio or television signals and sends them on

Answer 322

re‧main‧ing /rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ/ ●●○ adjective [only before noun] remain

Answer 323

re‧mark‧a‧ble /rɪˈmɑːkəbəl $ -ɑːr-/ ●●○ W3 adjective unusual or surprising and therefore deserving attention or praise She has made remarkable progress. a remarkable coincidence remarkable feat/achievement/accomplishment

Answer 324

re‧mind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ ●●● S1 W2 verb [transitive]

Answer 325

re‧mote1 /rɪˈməʊt $ -ˈmoʊt/ ●●○ W3 adjective 1 FAR AWAY far from towns or other places where people live SYN isolated a remote border town a fire in a remote mountain area ► see thesaurus at far 2 NOT LIKELY if a chance or possibility of something happening is remote, it is not very likely to happen SYN slight remote chance/possibility There’s a remote chance that you can catch him before he leaves. The prospect of peace seems remote. 3 TIME far away in time SYN distant the remote time when dinosaurs walked the earth a remote ancestor (=someone related to you, who lived a long time ago) 4 DIFFERENT very different from something remote from

Answer 326

cus‧tom‧a‧ry /ˈkʌstəməri $ -meri/ ●○○ adjective 1 something that is customary is normal because it is the way something is usually done SYN usual it is customary (for somebody) to do something In some cultures it is customary for the bride to wear white. 2 [only before noun] someone’s customary behaviour is the way they usually do things SYN usual Barbara answered with her customary enthusiasm. —customarily /ˈkʌstəmərəli $ ˌkʌstəˈmerəli/ adverb

Answer 327

re‧move1 /rɪˈmuːv/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL verb [transitive]

Answer 328

a‧bode1 /əˈbəʊd $ əˈboʊd/ noun [countable] 1 formal someone’s home – sometimes used humorously Welcome to my humble abode. a homeless person with no fixed abode (=no permanent home) 2 → right of abode [law] the right to live in a country Examples from the Corpus abode * It was an abode of perfect blessedness.

Answer 329

re‧peat‧ed‧ly /rɪˈpiːtɪdli/ ●●○ adverb repeat

Answer 330

re‧port1 /rɪˈpɔːt $ -ɔːrt/ ●●● S2 W1 noun [countable]

Answer 331

re‧place /rɪˈpleɪs/ ●●● S2 W1 verb [transitive]

Answer 332

rep‧re‧sent /ˌreprɪˈzent/ ●●● S2 W1 verb 1 SPEAK FOR SOMEBODY [transitive] rep‧re‧sen‧ta‧tive1 /ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv◂/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable] delegate

Answer 333

re‧pub‧li‧can1 /rɪˈpʌblɪkən/ noun [countable] dem‧ocrat /ˈdeməkræt/ noun [countable] someone who believes in democracy, or works to achieve it

Answer 334

op‧pres‧sion /əˈpreʃən/ ●○○ noun [uncountable] when someone treats a group of people unfairly or cruelly and prevents them from having the same rights as other people have → discrimination political/racial/sexual etc oppression They suffered years of political oppression. the struggle against oppression

Answer 335

Cau‧ca‧sian /kɔːˈkeɪziən $ kɒːˈkeɪʒən/ noun [countable] a member of the race of people with white or pale skin —Caucasian adjective

Answer 336

big‧ot‧ry /ˈbɪɡətri/ noun [uncountable] bigoted behaviour or beliefs SYN prejudice sensational news stories that just encourage bigotry ► see thesaurus at prejudice bigot big‧ot /ˈbɪɡət/ noun [countable]

Answer 337

per‧verse /pəˈvɜːs $ pərˈvɜːrs/ adjective behaving in an unreasonable way, especially by deliberately doing the opposite of what people want you to do → bizarre He gets perverse satisfaction from embarrassing people. —perversely adverb Perversely, she was irritated by his kindness.

Answer 338

invulnerable

Answer 339

be careful with the usage I would rather (rather is not a verb, it's an adverb)

Answer 340

sur‧veil‧lance /səˈveɪləns $ sər-/ noun [uncountable] 1 when the police, army etc watch a person or place carefully because they may be connected with criminal activities surveillance of 24-hour surveillance of the building under surveillance They were under constant close surveillance day and night.

Answer 341

sanc‧tu‧a‧ry /ˈsæŋktʃuəri, -tʃəri $ -tʃueri/ ●○○ noun (plural sanctuaries) 1 [countable] an area for birds or animals where they are protected and cannot be hunted SYN refuge bird/wildlife etc sanctuary

Answer 342

af‧fir‧ma‧tive1 /əˈfɜːmətɪv $ -ɜːr-/ adjective formal an affirmative answer or action means ‘yes’ or shows agreement OPP negative an affirmative nod —affirmatively adverb

Answer 343

afˌfirmative ˈaction noun [uncountable] especially American English the practice of choosing people for a job, college etc who are usually treated unfairly because of their race, sex etc SYN positive discrimination British English

Answer 344

rep‧u‧ta‧tion /ˌrepjəˈteɪʃən/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable]

Answer 345

re‧search‧er /rɪˈsɜːtʃə $ -ˈsɜːrtʃər/ ●●○ AWL noun [countable]

Answer 346

re‧sem‧ble /rɪˈzembəl/ ●○○ verb [transitive] to look like or be similar to someone or something It’s amazing how closely Brian and Steve resemble each other. He grew up to resemble his father.

Answer 347

res‧er‧va‧tion /ˌrezəˈveɪʃən $ -zər-/ ●●● S3 W3 noun

Answer 348

res‧i‧dent1 /ˈrezɪdənt/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL noun [countable]

Answer 349

resist /ri'~?

Answer 350

res‧o‧lu‧tion /ˌrezəˈluːʃən/ ●○○ AWL noun 1 DECISION [countable]

Answer 351

ir‧res‧o‧lute /ɪˈrezəluːt/ adjective formal unable to decide what to do SYN uncertain OPP resolute —irresolution /ɪˌrezəˈluːʃən/ noun [uncountable] in‧de‧ci‧sive /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv◂/ ●○○ adjective 1 unable to make clear decisions or choices OPP decisive a weak and indecisive leader 2 not having a clear result SYN inconclusive a confused, indecisive battle —indecisively adverb —indecisiveness noun [uncountable]

Answer 352

re‧sort1 /rɪˈzɔːt $ -ɔːrt/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [countable] a place where a lot of people go for holidays seaside/beach/ski etc resort Aspen, a ski resort in Colorado Lagoon Reef is one of the best resort hotels. 2 → last/final resort 3 → first resort 4 → resort to something formal when you must use or depend on something because nothing better is available without resort to something We hope they will be able to resolve the situation without resort to force.

Answer 353

re‧source1 /rɪˈzɔːs, -ˈsɔːs $ ˈriːsɔːrs/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL noun 1 LAND/OIL/COAL ETC

Answer 354

re‧spect1 /rɪˈspekt/ ●●● S3 W2 noun 1 ADMIRATION admire /ədˈmaɪər/ admiration /ˌædməˈreɪʃən/

Answer 355

re‧spon‧dent /rɪˈspɒndənt $ rɪˈspɑːn-/ AWL noun [countable] 1 formal someone who answers questions, especially in a survey Only 62 percent of respondents said they were satisfied.

Answer 356

rɪˈspɑːn~

Answer 357

re‧spon‧si‧bil‧i‧ty /rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti $ rɪˌspɑːn-/ ●●● S2 W1 noun (plural responsibilities)

Answer 358

re‧spon‧si‧ble /rɪˈspɑːnsəbəl / ●●● S2 W2 adjective 1 GUILTY

Answer 359

re‧store /rɪˈstɔːr/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb [transitive]

Answer 360

re‧sult1 /rɪˈzʌlt/ ●●● S1 W1 noun

Answer 361

rev‧e‧nue /ˈrevənjuː $ -nuː/ ●○○ AWL noun [uncountable] (also revenues [plural])

Answer 362

rev‧o‧lu‧tion /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun 1 [countable]

Answer 363

rhythm rhyth‧m /ˈrɪðəm/ ●●○ W3

Answer 364

rhyme rhyme1 /raɪm/ ●○○ noun 1 [countable] a short poem or song, especially for children, using words that rhyme a collection of traditional rhymes with illustrations → nursery rhyme 2 [countable] a word that rhymes with another word rhyme for Can you think of a rhyme for ‘bicycle’? 3 [uncountable] words or lines of poetry that rhyme I love his use of rhyme and rhythm. in rhyme The whole story is written in rhyme. 4. no rhyme or reason no sensible reason or organization There seems to be no rhyme or reason for the school’s behaviour.

Answer 365

ro‧man‧tic1 /rəʊˈmæntɪk, rə- $ roʊ, rə-/ ●●○ adjective

Answer 366

a‧loft /əˈlɒft $ əˈlɒːft/ adverb formal high up in the air hold/bear something aloft He emerged, holding a baby aloft. Examples from the Corpus aloft * The national flag was flying aloft. half-ˈmast noun → at half-mast mast /mɑːst $ mæst/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 a tall pole on which the sails or flags on a ship are hung

Answer 367

row1 /rəʊ $ roʊ/ ●●● S2 W2 noun [countable] 1 Image of rowa line of things or people next to each other → column

Answer 368

ru‧ral /ˈrʊrəl/ ●●○ S3 W2 adjective =/ urban

Answer 369

sa‧cred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ ●●○ adjective 1 relating to a god or religion

Answer 370

sal‧ad /ˈsæləd/ ●●● S2 noun [countable, uncountable] 1 a mixture of raw vegetables, especially lettuce, cucumber, and tomato Would you like some salad with your pasta? a spinach salad toss a salad (=mix it all together, usually with a dressing) / tɒːs/ ●●○ verb

Answer 371

sat‧el‧lite /ˈsætəlaɪt/ ●●○ W3 noun a natural object that moves around a planet 3 a country, area, or organization that is controlled by or is dependent on another larger one the former Soviet satellite country of Lithuania 4 a town that has developed next to a large city We stayed in Aurora, a satellite suburb of Chicago.

Answer 372

sanc‧tion1 /ˈsæŋkʃən/ ●○○ noun 1 → sanctions 2 [uncountable] formal official permission, approval, or acceptance SYN approval Apparently, the aide had acted without White House sanction. 3 [countable] formal a form of punishment that can be used if someone disobeys a rule or law SYN punishment the harshest possible sanction which could be imposed

Answer 373

sauce /sɔːs $ sɒːs/ ●●● S3 noun soap1 /səʊp $ soʊp/ ●●● S3 soup1 /suːp/ ●●● S3 noun [countable, uncountable]

Answer 374

sched‧ule1 /ˈʃedjuːl, ˈske- $ ˈskedʒʊl, -dʒəl/ ●●● S2 W3 AWL noun [countable]

Answer 375

scheme1 /skiːm/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL noun [countable]

Answer 376

sci‧en‧tif‧ic /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk◂/ ●●● S3 W2 adjective

Answer 377

sec‧re‧ta‧ry /ˈsekrətəri /

Answer 378

se‧cu‧ri‧ty /sɪˈkjʊərəti $ -ˈkjʊr-/ ●●● W1 AWL noun

Answer 379

seize /siːz/ ●●○ W3 verb for Ivy

Answer 380

se‧lect1 /səˈlekt/ ●●● S2 W2 AWL verb [transitive]

Answer 381

sen‧ate, Senate /ˈsenət/ ●○○ noun

Answer 382

sep‧a‧rate1 /ˈsepərət/ ●●● S2 W2 adjective

Answer 383

se‧quence /ˈsiːkwəns/ ●●○ AWL noun

Answer 384

se‧ri‧ous /ˈsɪəriəs $ ˈsɪr-/ ●●● S1 W1 adjective

Answer 385

se‧vere /səˈvɪər/ ●●● S3 W3 adjective 1 VERY SERIOUS severe problems, injuries, illnesses etc are ► see thesaurus at bad, serious Register In everyday English, people usually say an injury, a problem etc is serious rather than severe: His injuries were quite serious.

Answer 386

shrug1 /ʃrʌɡ/ ●●○ W3 verb (shrugged, shrugging) [intransitive, transitive] to raise and then lower your shoulders in order to show that you do not know something or do not care about something I just shrugged my shoulders and ignored him. Melanie shrugged and walked away.

Answer 387

sig‧nif‧i‧cance /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ ●●○ noun [singular, uncountable]

Answer 388

si‧lence1 /ˈsaɪləns/ ●●● W2 noun

Answer 389

sit‧u‧a‧tion /ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/ ●●● S1 W1 noun [countable

Answer 390

sim‧i‧lar‧ly /ˈsɪmələli $ -ərli/ ●●○ W3 AWL adverb in a similar way OPP differently

Answer 391

so‧lar /ˈsəʊlə $ ˈsoʊlər/ ●●○ adjective

Answer 392

so‧phis‧ti‧cat‧ed /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ ●●○ adjective

Answer 393

spe‧cial‧ist /ˈspeʃəlɪst/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun [countable]

Answer 394

spe‧cies /ˈspiːʃiːz/ ●●○ W3 noun (plural species) [countable]

Answer 395

spe‧cif‧ic1 /spəˈsɪfɪk/ ●●● S1 W1 AWL adjective

Answer 396

spin1 /spɪn/ ●●● S3 verb (past tense and past participle spun /spʌn/, present participle spinning) 1 TURN AROUND [intransitive, transitive] to turn around and around very quickly, or to make something do this The plane’s propellers were spinning. spin (something/somebody) around She grabbed Norm’s arm and spun him around to face her. 2 → somebody’s head is spinning

Answer 397

spir‧it1 /ˈspɪrɪt/ ●●● S2 W2 noun

Answer 398

spir‧i‧tu‧al1 /ˈspɪrətʃuəl/ ●●○ W3 adjective

Answer 399

sta‧tis‧tic /stəˈtɪstɪk/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun

Answer 400

strat‧e‧gy /ˈstrætɪdʒi/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun (plural strategies)

Answer 401

stra‧te‧gic /strəˈtiːdʒɪk/ ●●○ W3 AWL (also strategical /-dʒɪkəl/) adjective

Answer 402

strength‧en /ˈstreŋθən, ˈstrenθən/ ●●○ W3 verb

Answer 403

sub‧se‧quent /ˈsʌbsəkwənt/ ●●○ W2 AWL adjective formal consequent

Answer 404

sub‧stan‧tial /səbˈstænʃəl/ ●●○ adjective 1 large in amount or number SYN considerable

Answer 405

a‧poc‧a‧lypse /əˈpɒkəlɪps $ əˈpɑː-/ noun [countable] 1 → the apocalypse 2 a situation in which a lot of people die or suffer, and a lot of damage is done A lot of investors now fear a stock market apocalypse.

Answer 406

suc‧ceed /səkˈsiːd/ ●●● S3 W2 verb

Answer 407

suf‧fi‧cient /səˈfɪʃənt/ ●●○ W2 AWL adjective formal

Answer 408

sum‧mit /ˈsʌmɪt/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 an important meeting or set of meetings between the leaders of several governments the European summit

Answer 409

su‧i‧cide /ˈsuːəsaɪd/

Answer 410

sup‧port1 /səˈpɔːt $ -ɔːrt/ ●●● S2 W1 verb [transitive]

Answer 411

trea‧son /ˈtriːzən/ noun [uncountable] the crime of being disloyal to your country or its government, especially by helping its enemies or trying to remove the government using violence → treachery treason against Richter is accused of committing treason against the state. The defendant was convicted of high treason (=treason of the worst kind) and sentenced to death. —treasonable, treasonous adjective a treasonable act against the head of state

Answer 412

sup‧pose /səˈpəʊz $ -ˈpoʊz/ ●●● S1 W1 verb [transitive] SPOKEN PHRASES 1 → I suppose 2 → I don’t suppose (that) 3 → do you suppose (that) ... ? 4 → what’s that supposed to mean? 5 → suppose/supposing (that) 6 → be supposed to do/be something 7 to think that something is probably true, based on what you know SYN presume sup‧posed /səˈpəʊzd, səˈpəʊzɪd $ -ˈpoʊzd, -ˈpoʊzɪd/ ●○○ adjective [only before noun] claimed by other people to be true or real, although you do not think they are right gossip about Emma’s supposed affair with Peter

Answer 413

su‧preme /sʊˈpriːm, sjuː- $ sʊ-, suː-/ ●○○ adjective 1 having the highest position of power, importance, or influence the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe a country where the car reigns supreme (=is the most important thing) 2 [only before noun] the greatest possible supreme courage in the face of terrible danger It required a supreme effort to stay awake. a matter of supreme importance 3 → make the supreme sacrifice = to die for your country, for a principle etc.

Answer 414

sur‧face1 /ˈsɜːfɪs $ ˈsɜːrfɪs/ ●●● S3 W1 noun [countable]

Answer 415

sur‧prise1 /səˈpraɪz $ sərˈpraɪz/ ●●● S3 W2 noun surprised /~'~/ surprising /~'~/ (spelling, be careful with the s/z)

Answer 416

sur‧round1 /səˈraʊnd/ ●●● W2 verb [transitive] surround is also a noun surround2 noun [countable] an area around the edge of something, especially one that is decorated or made of a different material a solid mahogany fire surround sur‧round‧ings /səˈraʊndɪŋz/ ●●○ noun [plural] surrounding adjective

Answer 417

sur‧viv‧al /səˈvaɪvəl $ sər-/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun survive survivor spelling

Answer 418

sa‧viour British English, savior American English /ˈseɪvjə $ -ər/ noun [countable] someone who saves you from a difficult or dangerous situation saviour of He was seen by many as the saviour of the organization.

Answer 419

sus‧pect1 /səˈspekt/ ●●○ W3 verb [transitive] Suspect is not used in the progressive. You say: I suspect he’s lying. ✗Don’t say: I am suspecting he’s lying. sus‧pect2 /ˈsʌspekt/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 someone who is thought to be guilty of a crime ADJECTIVES/NOUN + SUSPECT the prime/chief/main suspect She didn’t realise he was the prime suspect in a murder case. the number one suspect (=the main suspect) I was the one who found her. And that makes me the number one suspect for her murder. a murder/burglary etc suspect The murder suspect is described as in his early 20s, wearing a baseball type cap and a dark jacket. a possible suspect The police drew up a list of possible suspects. VERBS arrest/detain a suspect Detectives arrested the suspect after a five-day undercover operation. question/interrogate/interview a suspect Police confirmed that six suspects are being questioned.

Answer 420

bur‧glar‧y /ˈbɜːɡləri $ ˈbɜːrɡləri/ ●●○ noun (plural burglaries) [countable, uncountable] the crime of getting into a building to steal things

Answer 421

sus‧tain /səˈsteɪn/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb [transitive] 1 MAKE SOMETHING CONTINUE to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time SYN maintain

Answer 422

symp‧tom /ˈsɪmptəm/ ●○○ noun [countable]

Answer 423

tac‧tic /ˈtæktɪk/ ●●○ noun [countable] 1 a method that you use to achieve something a tactic employed to speed up the peace process Republicans accuse Democrats of using delaying tactics (=something you do in order to give yourself more time) to prevent a final vote on the bill. Shock tactics are being used in an attempt to stop drink drivers.

Answer 424

tech‧ni‧cal /ˈteknɪkəl/ ●●● S2 W2 AWL adjective

Answer 425

tech‧nique /tekˈniːk/ ●●● S3 W1 AWL noun 1 [countable] a special way of doing something → method technique for

Answer 426

a‧dul‧ter‧ate /əˈdʌltəreɪt/ verb [transitive] to make food or drink less pure by adding another substance of lower quality to it → unadulterated —adulteration /əˌdʌltəˈreɪʃən/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 427

al‧ter‧ca‧tion /ˌɔːltəˈkeɪʃən $ ˌɒːltər-/ noun [countable] formal a short noisy argument They became involved in an altercation.

Answer 428

ad‧o‧les‧cent /ˌædəˈlesənt◂/ ●○○ noun [countable] a young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, who is developing into an adult► see thesaurus at child, young —adolescent adjective adolescent girls

Answer 429

tel‧e‧scope1 /ˈteləskəʊp $ -skoʊp/ ●●○ noun [countable]

Answer 430

pa‧tri‧arch‧y /ˈpeɪtriɑːki $ -ɑːr-/ noun (plural patriarchies) [countable, uncountable] 1 a social system in which men have all the power 2 a social system in which the oldest man rules his family and passes power and possessions on to his sons → matriarchy ma‧tri‧ar‧chy /ˈmeɪtriɑːki $ -ɑːr-/ noun (plural matriarchies) [countable, uncountable] 1 a social system in which the oldest woman controls a family and its possessions → patriarchy 2 a society in which women hold all the power → patriarchy

Answer 431

pa‧tri‧arch‧al /ˌpeɪtriˈɑːkəl◂ $ -ˈɑːr-/ adjective 1 ruled or controlled only by men a patriarchal society 2 relating to being a patriarch, or typical of a patriarch

Answer 432

tem‧pera‧ture /ˈtemprətʃə $ -ər/ ●●● S2 W2 [countable, uncountable] a measure of how hot or cold a place or thing is

Answer 433

tem‧pe‧ra‧ment /ˈtempərəmənt/ ●○○ noun [countable, uncountable] the emotional part of someone’s character, especially how likely they are to be happy, angry etc artistic/nervous/good etc temperament Jill has such a lovely relaxed temperament. by temperament Tolkien was, by temperament, a very different man from Lewis.

Answer 434

tem‧po‧ra‧ry /ˈtempərəri, -pəri $ -pəreri/ ●●● S3 W3 AWL adjective temporarily /ˈtempərərəli $ ˌtempəˈrerəli/ adverb Due to a small fire, the office will be closed temporarily.

Answer 435

ten‧den‧cy /ˈtendənsi/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun (plural tendencies) [countable]

Answer 436

ter‧ri‧ble /ˈterəbəl/ ●●● S1 W3 adjective 1 extremely severe in a way that causes harm or damage SYN horrible, awful

Answer 437

ter‧ri‧to‧ry /ˈterətəri $ -tɔːri/ ●●○ W3 noun (plural territories) 1 GOVERNMENT/MILITARY [countable, uncountable] land that is owned or controlled by a particular country, ruler, or military force Hong Kong became Chinese territory in 1997. occupied/enemy/disputed/hostile territory The plane was flying over enemy territory. ► see thesaurus at land 2 TYPE OF LAND [uncountable] land of a particular type uncharted/unexplored territory

Answer 438

ter‧ror‧is‧m /ˈterərɪzəm/ ●●○ noun [uncountable]

Answer 439

ter‧ror‧ist /ˈterərɪst/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable]

Answer 440

tes‧ti‧fy /ˈtestɪfaɪ/ ●○○ verb (testified, testifying, testifies) 1 [intransitive, transitive] to make a formal statement of what is true, especially in a court of law Mr Molto has agreed to testify at the trial. testify against

Answer 441

tes‧ti‧mo‧ny /ˈtestəməni $ -moʊni/ ●○○ noun (plural testimonies) [countable, uncountable] 1 a formal statement saying that something is true, especially one a witness makes in a court of law Barker’s testimony is crucial to the prosecution’s case. In his testimony, he denied that the company had ignored safety procedures. 2 a fact or situation that shows or proves very clearly that something exists or is true be a testimony to/of something These results are a testimony to the coach’s skill and hard work.

Answer 442

thea‧tre British English, theater American English /ˈθɪətə $ -ər/ ●●● S2 W2 noun 1 BUILDING [countable]

Answer 443

theme /θiːm/ ●●● S2 W2 AWL noun [countable]

Answer 444

theo‧ry /ˈθɪəri $ ˈθiːəri/ ●●● S2 W1 AWL noun (plural theories) 1 [countable] an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain something about life or the world, especially an idea that has not yet been proved to be true → theoretical theory about/on different theories about how the brain works theory of Darwin’s theory of evolution theory that the theory that light is made up of waves

Answer 445

ther‧a‧py /ˈθerəpi/ ●●○ noun (plural therapies) 1 [countable, uncountable] the treatment of an illness or injury over a fairly long period of time

Answer 446

there‧fore /ˈðeəfɔː $ ˈðerfɔːr/ ●●● S3 W1 adverb formal

Answer 447

threat /θret/ ●●● S3 W2 noun

Answer 448

threat‧en /ˈθretn/ ●●● S3 W2 verb

Answer 449

thus /ðʌs/ ●●○ W3 adverb formal 1 [sentence adverb] as a result of something that you have just mentioned

Answer 450

to‧bac‧co /təˈbækəʊ $ -koʊ/ ●●○ noun [uncountable]

Answer 451

to‧mor‧row1 /təˈmɒrəʊ $ -ˈmɔːroʊ, -ˈmɑː-/ ●●● S1 W2 adverb

Answer 452

tour‧ist /ˈtʊərɪst $ ˈtʊr-/ ●●● W3 noun [countable] touristy (informal)

Answer 453

tour‧na‧ment /ˈtʊrənəmənt/ ●●○ noun [countable]

Answer 454

tra‧di‧tion /trəˈdɪʃən/ ●●● S2 W2 noun 1 [countable, uncountable] a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a long time, or these beliefs, customs etc in general tra‧di‧tion‧al /trəˈdɪʃənəl/ ●●● S3 W1 AWL adjective

Answer 455

tra‧ge‧dy /ˈtrædʒədi/ ●●○ noun (plural tragedies)

Answer 456

trans‧form /trænsˈfɔːm $ -ˈfɔːrm/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb [transitive] trans‧for‧ma‧tion /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən $ -fər-/ ●○○ AWL noun [countable, uncountable] Word family (noun) form formation transformation reformer reform reformation reformist transformer formlessness (adjective) reformed reformist formless (verb) form reform transform (adverb) formlessly (noun) transformation (verb) transform

Answer 457

tran‧si‧tion1 /trænˈzɪʃən, -ˈsɪ-/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun [countable, uncountable]

Answer 458

trans‧late /trænsˈleɪt, trænz-/ ●●● S3 verb

Answer 459

trans‧por‧ta‧tion /ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃən $ trænspərˈteɪʃən/ ●●● W3 AWL noun [uncountable]

Answer 460

treat1 /triːt/ ●●● S2 W1 verb [transitive] 1 BEHAVE TOWARDS SOMEBODY/SOMETHING [always + adverb/preposition] to behave towards someone or something in a particular way → treatment

Answer 461

treat‧y /ˈtriːti/ ●●○ W3 noun (plural treaties) [countable] a formal written agreement between two or more countries or governments Both sides have agreed to sign the treaty. The peace treaty ends nearly four years of violence. treaty on a treaty on political union

Answer 462

tre‧men‧dous /trɪˈmendəs/ ●●○ adjective 1 very big, fast, powerful etc Suddenly, there was a tremendous bang, and the whole station shook. She was making a tremendous effort to appear calm. She praised her husband for the tremendous support he had given her. Sales have been tremendous so far this year. This plan could save us a tremendous amount of money. ► see thesaurus at big 2 excellent She’s got a tremendous voice, hasn’t she? —tremendously adverb tremendously wealthy

Answer 463

typ‧i‧cal /ˈtɪpɪkəl/ ●●● S2 W2 adjective typ‧i‧cally /ˈtɪpɪkli/ ●●○ adverb a‧typ‧i‧cal /eɪˈtɪpɪkəl/ ●○○ adjective not typical or usual

Answer 464

ul‧ti‧mate1 /ˈʌltəmət/ ●●○ W3 AWL adjective [only before noun] 1 someone’s ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in the future SYN final ultimate goal/aim/objective etc ultimately ul‧ti‧mate‧ly /ˈʌltəmətli/ ●●○ W3 AWL adverb finally, after everything else has been done or considered [sentence adverb] Ultimately, the decision rests with the child’s parents. a long but ultimately successful campaign

Answer 465

un‧a‧ble /ʌnˈeɪbəl/ ●●● W2 adjective [not before noun] not able to do something → inability

Answer 466

un‧der‧stand‧ing1 /ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ $ -ər-/ ●●○ W3 noun

Answer 467

un‧der‧go /ˌʌndəˈɡəʊ $ ˌʌndərˈɡoʊ/ ●●○ AWL verb (past tense underwent /-ˈwent/, past participle undergone /-ˈɡɒn $ -ˈɡɒːn/) [transitive]

Answer 468

un‧for‧tu‧nate‧ly /ʌnˈfɔːtʃənətli $ -ˈfɔːr-/ ●●● S1 W3 adverb [sentence adverb] used when you are mentioning a fact that you wish was not true Unfortunately, you were out when we called.

Answer 469

u‧ni‧form1 /ˈjuːnəfɔːm $ -ɔːrm/ ●●● S3 noun [countable, uncountable]

Answer 470

u‧ni‧ver‧sal /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːsəl◂ $ -ɜːr-/ ●●○ W3 adjective

Answer 471

un‧known1 /ˌʌnˈnəʊn◂ $ -ˈnoʊn◂/ ●●● W2 adjective, adverb

Answer 472

un‧like1 /ʌnˈlaɪk/ ●●● W3 preposition

Answer 473

un‧less /ʌnˈles, ən-/ ●●● S1 W1 conjunction

Answer 474

un‧u‧su‧al /ʌnˈjuːʒuəl, -ʒəl/ ●●● S2 W3 adjective

Answer 475

un‧til /ʌnˈtɪl, ən-/ ●●● S1 W1 preposition, conjunction

Answer 476

up‧on /əˈpɒn $ əˈpɑːn/ ●●● S3 W2 preposition formal

Answer 477

u‧til‧i‧ty /juːˈtɪləti/ ●○○ AWL noun (plural utilities)

Answer 478

urban ˈmyth (also urban legend) noun [countable] a story about an unusual event which happened recently that a lot of people believe, although it is probably not true

Answer 479

va‧ca‧tion1 /vəˈkeɪʃən $ veɪ-/ ●●● S2 W3 noun 1 [countable, uncountable] especially American English a holiday, or time spent not working We’re planning a vacation in Europe. on vacation He’s on vacation this week. We’re planning to go on vacation soon. 2 [uncountable] especially American English the number of days, weeks etc that you are allowed as paid holiday by your employer How much vacation do you get at your new job? I think I have four vacation days left. Employees are entitled to four weeks’ paid vacation annually. 3 a) [countable] British English one of the periods of time when a university is closed the Christmas/Easter/summer/long vacation b) [countable, uncountable] American English one of the periods of time when a school or university is closed Christmas/spring/summer vacation

Answer 480

hol‧i‧day1 /ˈhɒlədi, -deɪ $ ˈhɑːlədeɪ/ ●●● S1 W2 noun 1 [countable, uncountable] British English (also holidays) a time of rest from work, school etc SYN vacation American English The school holidays start tomorrow. on holiday I’m away on holiday until the 1st of June. in the holidays He came to stay with us in the school holidays. holiday from a holiday from her usual responsibilities Register In everyday British English, when someone is temporarily away from their work or studies, people often say they are off, rather than on holiday. Note, however, that off can also mean that someone is away from their work or studies because they are sick: ‘Where’s Kate?’ ‘She’s off this week.’ 2 [countable, uncountable] British English (also holidays) a period of time when you travel to another place for pleasure SYN vacation American English

Answer 481

var‧i‧a‧ble1 /ˈveəriəbəl $ ˈver-/ ●●○ AWL adjective 1 likely to change often → vary

Answer 482

var‧i‧a‧tion /ˌveəriˈeɪʃən $ ˌver-/ ●●○ AWL noun Word family (noun) variable variance variant variety variability variation (adjective) variable ≠ invariable varied various (verb) vary (adverb) variably ≠ invariably variously

Answer 483

va‧ri‧e‧ty /vəˈraɪəti/ ●●● S2 W1 noun (plural varieties)

Answer 484

var‧i‧ous /ˈveəriəs $ ˈver-/ ●●● S1 W1 adjective [usually before noun]

Answer 485

ve‧hi‧cle /ˈviːɪkəl/ ●●● S2 W2 AWL noun [countable] 1 formal a machine with an engine that is used to take people or things from one place to another, such as a car, bus, or truck → motor vehicle a description of the stolen vehicle Have you locked your vehicle? 2 [usually singular] formal something you use to express and spread your ideas, opinions etc SYN medium vehicle for

Answer 486

ven‧ture1 /ˈventʃə $ -ər/ ●○○ noun [countable] a new business activity that involves taking risks business/commercial venture joint venture (=when two companies do something together) ˈventure ˌcapital noun [uncountable] money lent to someone so that they can start a new business —venture capitalist noun [countable]

Answer 487

ver‧sion /ˈvɜːʃən $ ˈvɜːrʒən/ ●●● S2 W2 AWL noun [countable]

Answer 488

vice ver‧sa /ˌvaɪs ˈvɜːsə, ˌvaɪsi- $ -ɜːr-/ ●○○ adverb used to say that the opposite of a situation you have just described is also true The boys may refuse to play with the girls, and vice versa.

Answer 489

ves‧sel /ˈvesəl/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 formal a ship or large boat a fishing vessel 2 technical a vein in your body a burst blood vessel

Answer 490

vet‧e‧ran /ˈvetərən/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 someone who has been a soldier, sailor etc in a war veteran of a veteran of the Second World War a Vietnam veteran 2 someone who has had a lot of experience of a particular activity veteran of

Answer 491

vi‧o‧late /ˈvaɪəleɪt/ ●○○ AWL verb [transitive] 1 to disobey or do something against an official agreement, law, principle etc

Answer 492

vi‧o‧lence /ˈvaɪələns/ ●●● S2 W2 noun [uncountable]

Answer 493

vi‧o‧lent /ˈvaɪələnt/ ●●● S3 W3 adjective

Answer 494

vir‧tu‧al‧ly /ˈvɜːtʃuəli $ ˈvɜːr-/ ●●● S2 W2 AWL adverb 1 almost SYN practically Virtually all the children come to school by bus. He was virtually unknown before running for office.

Answer 495

vir‧tue /ˈvɜːtʃuː $ ˈvɜːr-/ ●●○ W3 noun 1 [uncountable] formal moral goodness of character and behaviour OPP vice

Answer 496

vi‧su‧al1 /ˈvɪʒuəl/ ●●○ W3 AWL adjective [usually before noun] relating to seeing

Answer 497

vi‧sion /ˈvɪʒən/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL noun 1 [uncountable] the ability to see SYN sight, → visual

Answer 498

vol‧ume /ˈvɒljuːm $ ˈvɑːljəm/ ●●● S3 W2 AWL noun

Answer 499

vol‧un‧teer1 /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə $ ˌvɑːlənˈtɪr/ ●●○ AWL noun [countable]

Answer 500

vul‧ne‧ra‧ble /ˈvʌlnərəbəl/ ●●○ W3 adjective 1 someone who is vulnerable can be easily harmed or hurt OPP invulnerable a place, thing, or idea that is vulnerable is easy to attack or criticize OPP invulnerable vulnerable to The fort was vulnerable to attack from the north. Their theories were badly thought out and very vulnerable to ridicule. —vulnerably adverb —vulnerability /ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 501

vital From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Related topics: Human vi‧tal /ˈvaɪtl/ ●●● W2 adjective 1 extremely important and necessary for something to succeed or exist SYN crucial

Answer 502

wan‧der1 /ˈwɒndə $ ˈwɑːndər/ ●●○ S3 verb 1 WITHOUT DIRECTION [intransitive, transitive] wonder won‧der1 /ˈwʌndə $ -ər/ ●●● S1 W2 verb [intransitive, transitive]

Answer 503

/ˈwepən/

Answer 504

with‧draw /wɪðˈdrɔː, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒː/ ●●○ W2 verb (past tense withdrew /-ˈdruː/, past participle withdrawn /-ˈdrɔːn $ -ˈdrɒːn/) 1 NOT TAKE PART withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔːəl, wɪθ- $ -ˈdrɒːəl/ ●○○ noun 1 ARMY [countable, uncountable]

Answer 505

Impostor syndrome Impostor syndrome, also known as impostor phenomenon or impostorism, is a psychological occurrence in which people doubt their skills, talents, or accomplishments and have a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as frauds. im‧pos‧tor, imposter /ɪmˈpɒstə $ ɪmˈpɑːstər/ noun [countable] someone who pretends to be someone else in order to trick people The nurse was soon discovered to be an impostor.

Answer 506

wom‧an /ˈwʊmən/ ●●● S1 W1 noun (plural women /ˈwɪmɪn/)

Answer 507

wound1 /wuːnd/ ●●○ noun [countable]