Whatever Flashcards

Question

advice advise

Answer 1

/ədˈvaɪs/ /ədˈvaɪz/

Answer 2

/ɪˈfekt/ [countable, uncountable] a change that is caused by an event, action etc af‧fect /əˈfekt/ verb [transitive] 1 to do something that produces an effect or change in something or in someone’s situation

Answer 3

/əˈfekʃən/

Answer 4

/əˈfɔːrdəbəl/

Answer 5

/əˈfreɪd/

Answer 6

/əˈɡen/

Answer 7

/əˈɡenst/

Answer 8

/ˈælkəhɒl/ /ˈælkəhɒlɪzəm'/ /ælkəˈhɒlɪk/

Answer 9

all 'right

Answer 10

əˈlaɪd /ˈælaɪ/

Answer 11

/əˈlaʊ/

Answer 12

/ˈæl /ælfəˈbetɪkəl/ /ælfəˈbetɪkəli/

Answer 13

/ɒːlˈredi/

Answer 14

/ɒːlˈðoʊ/

Answer 15

/ˈæmbjələns/

Answer 16

/ˌænəˈvɜːsəri/

Answer 17

/æntɪ, æntaɪ/

Answer 18

/æŋˈzaɪəti/ /ˈæŋkʃəs/ /ˈæŋkʃəsli/

Answer 19

/əˈpɑːlədʒi/ /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz /

Answer 20

/əˈpɪrəns/

Answer 21

/əˈproʊpriət/

Answer 22

/əˈriːnə/

Answer 23

in awe / with awe /ɒː/

Answer 24

/əˈsəʊʃieɪt, əˈsəʊsieit/

Answer 25

/ˈætməsfɪr/

Answer 26

at‧tor‧ney /əˈtɜːrni/

Answer 27

/ɒːtəm/

Answer 28

/bækˈtɪəriə/

Answer 29

/ˈbændɪdʒ/

Answer 30

/ɪˈledʒəbəl/ eligible /ˈelɪdʒəbəl/ ●○○ adjective 1 someone who is eligible for something is able or allowed to do it, for example because they are the right age eligible for Students on a part-time course are not eligible for a loan. eligible to do something Over 500,000 18-year-olds will become eligible to vote this year. 2 [only before noun] an eligible man or woman would be good to marry because they are rich, attractive, and not married Stephen was regarded as an eligible bachelor. —eligibility /ˌelɪdʒəˈbɪləti/ noun

Answer 31

/ˈmemwɑːr/

Answer 32

shrank / shrunk

Answer 33

beak /biːk/ mouth of a bird

Answer 34

/baɪˈɑːlədʒi/

Answer 35

/ˈbɪskɪt/

Answer 36

th / /briːð/

Answer 37

/ˈkeɪpəbəl/ /ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti/

Answer 38

/ˈka:ləm/

Answer 39

/ˈkɑːlər/ /ˈkʌlər/

Answer 40

/kənˈsɜːrvətɪv /

Answer 41

/kənˈfaɪn/ /kənˈfaɪnd/

Answer 42

n /ˈkɑːntent/ n literary /kənˈtent/ a / v /kənˈtent/ v = formal: to make someone feel happy and satisfied

Answer 43

/kənˈtɪnjuəs/

Answer 44

/kənˈvenʃən/

Answer 45

usual /kənˈvenʃənəl/ adv n

Answer 46

/ˈkɑ:tɪdʒ/

Answer 47

/ˈkʌ/ɜːrɪdʒ/

Answer 48

/ænˈtɑːrktɪkə/

Answer 49

/ænəba:lɪk sterɔɪd/

Answer 50

/riːl/ 1. to be confused or shocked by a situation Norman’s brain was reeling, but he did his best to appear calm. reel from The party is still reeling from its recent election defeat. 2 (also reel back) to step backwards suddenly and almost fall over, especially after being hit or getting a shock Diane reeled back in amazement. The force of the punch sent him reeling against the wall. 3 [always + adverb/preposition] to walk in an unsteady way and almost fall over, as if you are drunk Andy reeled away from the bar and knocked over his stool.

Answer 51

/'sæntə klɒːz/

Answer 52

/ˈkɑːrtn/

Answer 53

/ˈkaʊərdɪs/

Answer 54

/ˈkriːtʃər/

Answer 55

/ˈstætʃuː/

Answer 56

/kraɪˈtɪəriən/ - /kraɪˈtɪəriə/

Answer 57

/ˈkɜːrənt/

Answer 58

/ˈænəteɪt/ verb [transitive] to add short notes to a book or piece of writing to explain parts of it an annotated edition of ‘Othello’

Answer 59

/ˈɔːrθədɑːks/

Answer 60

/loʊɡoʊ/

Answer 61

/rɪˈzɜːrv/

Answer 62

/ˈpeɪθa:s/ the quality that a person, situation, film, or play has that makes you feel pity and sadness the pathos of the woman trying to keep her lover

Answer 63

/iːθɑːs/ the set of ideas and moral attitudes that are typical of a particular group a community in which people lived according to an ethos of sharing and caring

Answer 64

/aɪˈdɪəl/

Answer 65

/ˈbʌfələʊ/

Answer 66

/ˈvenəzən/ the meat of a deer

Answer 67

/kɑːŋkər/

Answer 68

/suː'preməsəst/

Answer 69

/ˈkaʊntəfɪt/

Answer 70

/ʌnˈsɜːrtnti/

Answer 71

n /'- / a /ser'-/

Answer 72

/ˈkɑːnˈkriːt/ made of concrete a concrete floor 2 definite and specific → abstract factual / objective tangible

Answer 73

/kənˈfaɪn/

Answer 74

/kənˈfrʌnt/

Answer 75

careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do A conscientious teacher may feel inclined to take work home. a conscientious and hard-working student his conscientiousness and loyalty to the company

Answer 76

n & v /'-/

Answer 77

mauve /moʊv/ noun [uncountable] a pale purple colour

Answer 78

/ˈpɪɡmənt/ noun [countable, uncountable] a natural substance that makes skin, hair, plants etc a particular color Melanin is the dark brown pigment of the hair, skin and eyes.

Answer 79

/ˈmelənɪn/

Answer 80

pigmy /ˈpɪɡmi/ someone who belongs to a race of very small people, especially one of the tribes of central Africa 2 someone who is not as good, intelligent, strong etc as other people in the same group – used to show disapproval a literary pygmy

Answer 81

/ˈerədaɪt/ adjective showing a lot of knowledge based on careful study SYN learned —eruditely adverb —erudition /ˌerəˈdɪʃən/ noun [uncountable] Examples from the Corpus erudite * Among themselves, ecclesiastics have become eminently sophisticated and erudite. * Gregarious, erudite and energetic, Brezzo could never be accused of thinking in small, ordinary ways. * These are biographers who are imposingly erudite but never pedantic. * He's erudite, enormously warm and most of all, a golfer.

Answer 82

modal /moʊdl/ noun [countable] a modal verb

Answer 83

harp‧si‧chord /ˈˈhɑːrpsɪkɔːrd/ noun [countable] a musical instrument like a piano, used especially in the past —harpsichordist noun [countable]

Answer 84

axe (also ax American English) /æks/ ●●○ noun [countable] 1 Image of axea tool with a heavy metal blade on the end of a long handle, used to cut down trees or split pieces of wood → pickaxe to suddenly dismiss someone from their job There are plans to axe 2,600 staff. 2 to get rid of a plan, system, or service, especially in order to save money TV’s longest running show is to be axed.

Answer 85

sick‧le /ˈsɪkəl/ noun [countable] Image of sicklea tool with a blade in the shape of a hook, used for cutting wheat or long grass

Answer 86

sew /səʊ $ soʊ/ ●●● S3 verb (past tense sewed, past participle sewn /səʊn $ soʊn/ or sewed) [intransitive, transitive] to use a needle and thread to make or repair clothes or to fasten something such as a button to them I learned to sew at school. sew something on something Can you sew a patch on my jeans? sew something together She sewed the two sides together.

Answer 87

saw ●●○ noun [countable] 1 Image of sawa tool that you use for cutting wood. It has a flat blade with an edge cut into many V shapes.

Answer 88

sow /səʊ $ soʊ/ ●●○ verb (past tense sowed, past participle sown /səʊn $ soʊn/ or sowed) 1 [intransitive, transitive] to plant or scatter seeds on a piece of ground Sow the seeds in late March. sow something with something These fields used to be sown with oats. 2 [transitive] to do something that will cause a bad situation in the future repressive laws that are sowing the seeds of future conflicts sow doubt/confusion/dissatisfaction etc an attempt to sow doubt among the jury members

Answer 89

in‧can‧ta‧tion /ˌɪnkænˈteɪʃən/ noun [countable, uncountable] special words that someone uses in magic, or the act of saying these words → spell a book of spells and incantations

Answer 90

/ˈkləʊz test $ ˈkloʊz-/ noun [countable] a test in which words have been removed from a short piece of writing, and students have to write what they think are the correct words in the empty spaces

Answer 91

vul‧ture /ˈvʌltʃər/ noun [countable] 1 Image of vulturea large bird that eats dead animals 2 someone who uses other people’s problems and suffering for their own advantage – used to show disapproval He hadn’t been dead five minutes before those vultures from the media were after his widow.

Answer 92

/dɪˈbeɪt/ n v

Answer 93

/ˈdekeɪd, deˈkeɪd/

Answer 94

/dɪˈkeɪ/

Answer 95

/dɪˈsaɪd/

Answer 96

/dɪˈklaɪn/

Answer 97

/ˈdekəreɪt/

Answer 98

/ˈdekərətɪv/

Answer 99

/dəˈvɔːrs/

Answer 100

/dəˈmestɪk/

Answer 101

/'dɒməneɪt/

Answer 102

/daʊnˈsteəz/

Answer 103

/ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/

Answer 104

/ɪˈnʌf/

Answer 105

/ɪnˈkwaɪəri $ ɪnˈkwaɪri, ˈɪŋkwəri/

Answer 106

/ɪnˈʃʊr/

Answer 107

/ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk/

Answer 108

/ɪnˈtaɪtl/

Answer 109

/ɪˈka:nəmi/ /ˌekəˈna:mɪkəl/

Answer 110

/ˈekwəti/ /ɪˈkwɒləti/

Answer 111

/ɪˈkwɪpmənt/

Answer 112

/ɪˈskeɪp/

Answer 113

/ɪˈsenʃəli/

Answer 114

/ɪˈstæblɪʃ/

Answer 115

estate /ɪˈsteɪt/ ●●○ AWL noun 1 [singular] law all of someone’s property and money, especially everything that is left after they die somebody’s estate

Answer 116

/'_ es, _/

Answer 117

/əˈbændən/

Answer 118

/əˈbʌndənt/

Answer 119

/ɪkˈsaɪt/

Answer 120

/ɪkˈskjuːz/

Answer 121

/ˈeksərsaɪz/

Answer 122

ex‧e‧cute /ˈeksəkjuːt/ 1 KILL SOMEBODY to kill someone, especially legally as a punishment execute somebody for something Thousands have been executed for political crimes. 13 people were summarily executed (=killed without any trial or legal process) by the guerrillas. ► see thesaurus at kill 2 DO SOMETHING formal to do something that has been carefully planned SYN implement The job involves drawing up and executing a plan of nursing care. 3 PERFORM AN ACTION formal to perform a difficult action or movement beautifully/skilfully/poorly etc executed The skaters’ routine was perfectly executed.

Answer 123

ex‧ec‧u‧tive /ɪɡˈzekjətɪv/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable] 1 a manager in an organization or company who helps make important decisions

Answer 124

isle /aɪl/ noun [countable] a word for an island, used in poetry or in names of islands

Answer 125

drear‧y /ˈdrɪəri $ ˈdriri/ (also drear /drɪə $ drɪr/ literary) adjective dull and making you feel sad or bored

Answer 126

di‧scern‧ing /dɪˈsɜːnɪŋ $ -ɜːr-/ adjective showing the ability to make good judgments, especially about art, music, style etc SYN discriminating an ideal tour for the discerning traveller the discerning eye/ear (=someone who can make good judgments about art or music)

Answer 127

de‧rive /dɪˈraɪv/ ●●○ W3 AWL verb 1 [transitive] to get something, especially an advantage or a pleasant feeling, from something derive something from something Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique. derive pleasure/enjoyment etc Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course. 2 (also be derived) [intransitive, transitive] to develop or come from something else → derivation derive from This word is derived from Latin. patterns of behaviour that derive from basic beliefs

Answer 128

de‧serve /dɪˈzɜːv $ -ɜːrv/ ●●● S3 W3 verb [transitive] 1 to have earned something by good or bad actions or behaviour What have I done to deserve this? deserve to do something We didn’t deserve to win. richly/fully/thoroughly etc deserve something the success he so richly deserves I’m sorry for the kids. They deserve better (=deserve to be treated in a better way). deserve a rest/break/holiday etc People who are sent to prison for drunk-driving get what they deserve. GRAMMAR: Using the progressive Deserve is not used in the progressive. You say: She deserves a prize.

Answer 129

de‧spite /dɪˈspaɪt/ ●●● S3 W1 AWL preposition 1 used to say that something happens or is true even though something else might have prevented it SYN in spite of Despite all our efforts to save the school, the authorities decided to close it. despite the fact (that) She went to Spain despite the fact that her doctor had told her to rest. 2 → despite yourself GRAMMAR: Patterns with despite * You say despite doing something: He won despite being injured. * You say despite the fact that: He won despite the fact that he was injured. ✗Don’t say: He won despite he was injured. * Don’t confuse despite and in spite of. ✗Don’t say: despite of

Answer 130

de‧ter‧mi‧na‧tion /dɪˌtɜːməˈneɪʃən

Answer 131

de‧ter‧mined /dɪˈtɜːrmɪnd/

Answer 132

de‧vot‧ed /dɪˈvoʊtɪd/ ●●○ AWL adjective 1 giving someone or something a lot of love and attention a devoted father devoted to Isabella was devoted to her brother.

Answer 133

dis‧a‧ble /dɪsˈeɪbəl/

Answer 134

/ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪdʒ/

Answer 135

/ˌdɪsəˈɡriː/

Answer 136

/ˌdɪsəˈpɪr/

Answer 137

/dɪsəˈpɔɪnt/

Answer 138

/ˌdɪsəˈpruːvəl/

Answer 139

/dɪˈzæstər/

Answer 140

/ˈdɪsɪplɪn/

Answer 141

/dɪsˈkʌvər/

Answer 142

di‧scuss /dɪˈskʌs/

Answer 143

/dɪsˈɡʌst/

Answer 144

dis‧guise1 /dɪsˈɡaɪz/

Answer 145

/dɪsˈa:nɪst/

Answer 146

/dɪsˈlaɪk/

Answer 147

dis‧may1 /dɪsˈmeɪ/ the worry, disappointment, or unhappiness you feel when something unpleasant happens with/in dismay They stared at each other in dismay. to somebody’s dismay I found to my dismay that I had left my notes behind. The thought of leaving filled him with dismay.

Answer 148

dis‧mal /ˈdɪzməl/ ●○○ adjective 1 if a situation or a place is dismal, it is so bad that it makes you feel very unhappy and hopeless The future looks pretty dismal right now. a dismal, grey afternoon 2 bad and unsuccessful The team’s record so far is pretty dismal. Her scheme was a dismal failure. —dismally adverb

Answer 149

/ˈkɑːz.pleɪ/ costume play

Answer 150

/dɪˈzɑːlv/

Answer 151

/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/

Answer 152

/dɪˈstrɪbjuːt/

Answer 153

/dɪˈstɜːrb/

Answer 154

di‧vide1 /dəˈvaɪd/

Answer 155

di‧va /ˈdiːvə/ noun [countable] 1 a very successful and famous female singer opera diva Jessye Norman 2 a famous or important woman who behaves badly or gets angry when people do not give her the attention or treatment she thinks she deserves She's such a diva - she walked out of the interview because she thought the interviewer was rude. = Karen

Answer 156

di‧vine1 /dəˈvaɪn/ ●●○ adjective 1 coming from or relating to God or a god divine intervention/providence/revelation/guidance etc faith in divine providence divine power divine love

Answer 157

di‧vorce1 /dəˈvɔːs $ -ɔːrs/

Answer 158

/'da:məneɪt/

Answer 159

something that especially annoys you: Weak coffee is one of my pet peeves.

Answer 160

de‧fi‧cien‧cy /dɪˈfɪʃənsi/ ●○○ noun (plural deficiencies) [countable, uncountable] formal 1 a lack of something that is necessary SYN shortage deficiency of a deficiency of safe play areas for children iron/vitamin etc deficiency Some elderly people suffer from iron deficiency in their diet. 2 a weakness or fault in something deficiency in There are deep deficiencies in this law.

Answer 161

ten‧et /ˈtenɪt/ noun [countable] a principle or belief, especially one that is part of a larger system of beliefs central/basic/fundamental etc tenet one of the basic tenets of democracy tenet of the main tenet of his philosophy

Answer 162

de‧prive /dɪˈpraɪv/ ●○○ verb → deprive somebody of something

Answer 163

ec‧cen‧tric1 /ɪkˈsentrɪk/ ●○○ adjective 1 behaving in a way that is unusual and different from most people His eccentric behaviour lost him his job. Aunt Nessy was always a bit eccentric. ► see thesaurus at strange, unusual 2 technical eccentric circles do not have the same centre point → concentric —eccentrically /-kli/ adverb

Answer 164

ex‧tend /ɪkˈstend/ ●●○ S3 W2 verb 1 TIME [intransitive + adverb/preposition, transitive] to continue for a longer period of time, or to make something last longer Management have agreed to extend the deadline. extend for/into/over etc Some of our courses extend over two years. extend something for/by/until something The government has extended the ban on the import of beef until June. ► see thesaurus at increase ex‧tent /ɪkˈstent/ ●●● S2 W1 noun 1 → to ... extent 2 [uncountable] how large, important, or serious something is, especially something such as a problem or injury extent of Considering the extent of his injuries, he’s lucky to be alive. It’s too early to assess the full extent of the damage. 3 [uncountable] the length or size of something They opened out the nets to their full extent. in extent The region is over 10,000 square kilometres in extent

Answer 165

/fəˈsɪləti/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun (plural facilities

Answer 166

fau‧cet /ˈfɒːsɪt/ ●●○ noun [countable] American English SYN tap British English

Answer 167

fes‧tiv‧i‧ty /feˈstɪvəti/ noun 1 → festivities 2 [uncountable] a happy feeling that exists when people celebrate something There was an air of festivity in the village. Carnivals are about excitement and festivity.

Answer 168

del‧i‧ca‧cy /ˈdelɪkəsi/ noun (plural delicacies) 1 [countable] something good to eat that is expensive or rare Snails are considered a delicacy in France. ► see thesaurus at food 2 [uncountable] a careful and sensitive way of speaking or behaving so that you do not upset anyone SYN tact He carried out his duties with great delicacy and understanding. 3 [uncountable] the quality of being easy to harm or damage

Answer 169

fi‧nance1 /ˈfaɪnæns, fəˈnæns $ fəˈnæns, ˈfaɪnæns/

Answer 170

flow‧er /ˈflaʊər/ flour /flaʊr/

Answer 171

/fərˈɡɪv/

Answer 172

fun‧da‧men‧tal /ˌfʌndəˈmentl

Answer 173

gen‧u‧ine /ˈdʒenjuən/ ●●○ S3 W3 adjective 1 a genuine feeling, desire etc is one that you really feel, not one you pretend to feel SYN sincere genuine interest/concern/desire etc The reforms are motivated by a genuine concern for the disabled. a genuine fear of invasion ‘Did he really?’ Her surprise seemed genuine. 2 something genuine really is what it seems to be SYN real We need laws that will protect genuine refugees. The strap is genuine leather.

Answer 174

ge‧ni‧us /ˈdʒiːniəs/ ●●○ noun 1 [uncountable] a very high level of intelligence, mental skill, or ability, which only a few people have

Answer 175

gramme (BrE)

Answer 176

hes‧i‧tate /ˈhezɪteɪt/

Answer 177

hys‧te‧ri‧a /hɪˈsteriə/ ●○○ noun [uncountable] 1 extreme excitement that makes people cry, laugh, shout etc in a way that is out of control In a fit of hysteria, Silvia blamed me for causing her father’s death. 2 a situation in which a lot of people feel fear, anger, or excitement, which makes them behave in an unreasonable way Since the general’s death, the population has been gripped by mass hysteria. 3 medical a medical condition that upsets someone’s emotions and makes them suddenly feel very nervous, excited, anxious etc

Answer 178

hon‧est /ˈɑːnɪst/

Answer 179

ho‧ri‧zon /həˈraɪzən/ /hɑːrəˈzɑːntl/ ver‧ti‧cal /ˈvɜːrtɪkəl/

Answer 180

hier‧ar‧chy /ˈhaɪrɑːrki/ hier‧ar‧chi‧cal /haɪˈrɑːkɪkəl/

Answer 181

/ˈfjʊri/ 1 [uncountable] extreme, often uncontrolled anger SYN rage I was shaking with fury.

Answer 182

bliss /blɪs/ ●○○ noun [uncountable] perfect happiness or enjoyment domestic/wedded/marital bliss six months of wedded bliss I didn’t have to get up till 11 – it was sheer bliss.

Answer 183

de‧jec‧ted /dɪˈdʒektɪd/ adjective unhappy, disappointed, or sad The unemployed stood at street corners, dejected. ► see thesaurus at sad —dejectedly adverb —dejection /dɪˈdʒekʃən/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 184

in‧cre‧du‧li‧ty /ˌɪnkrəˈduːləti/ noun [uncountable] a feeling that you cannot believe something SYN disbelief When she told her family she was gay, they reacted with a mixture of shock and incredulity.

Answer 185

ap‧a‧thy /ˈæpəθi/ ●○○ noun [uncountable] the feeling of not being interested in something, and not willing to make any effort to change or improve things The campaign failed because of public apathy. Examples from the Corpus apathy * I have heard therapists say matter-of-factly that in old people, withdrawal, depression, and apathy are normal. disinterest

Answer 186

te‧di‧um /ˈtiːdiəm/ noun [uncountable] the feeling of being bored because the things you are doing are not interesting and continue for a long time without changing SYN boredom We sang while we worked, to relieve the tedium. tedium of the tedium of everyday life tedious

Answer 187

re‧vul‧sion /rɪˈvʌlʃən/ noun [uncountable] a strong feeling of shock and very strong dislike SYN disgust, → revolt News of the atrocities produced a wave of anger and revulsion. Examples from the Corpus revulsion * I was overwhelmed by grief and revulsion such as I had never known before. * A little boy had died and, as a mother, I felt horror and revulsion.

Answer 188

chor‧e‧og‧raph /ˈkɔːriəɡræf/ verb [transitive] to arrange how dancers should move during a performance The show is very cleverly choreographed.

Answer 189

in‧trude /ɪnˈtruːd/ ●○○ verb [intransitive] 1 to interrupt someone or become involved in their private affairs, in an annoying and unwanted way Would I be intruding if I came with you? intrude into/on/upon Employers should not intrude into the private lives of their employees.

Answer 190

in‧vade /ɪnˈveɪd/ ●●○ verb 1 [intransitive, transitive] to enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order to take control of it The Romans invaded Britain 2,000 years ago. ► see thesaurus at attack 2 [transitive] to go into a place in large numbers, especially when you are not wanted Every summer, the town is invaded by tourists. Fans invaded the pitch at half time.

Answer 191

un‧a‧pol‧o‧get‧ic /ˌʌnəpɑ:ləˈdʒetɪk/ adjective not feeling or saying you are sorry for something you have done, especially when other people would expect you to feel or say sorry unapologetic about He is entirely unapologetic about the violence in his movies.

Answer 192

ir‧re‧place‧a‧ble /ˌɪrɪˈpleɪsəbəl◂/ adjective too special, valuable, or unusual to be replaced by anything else Works of art were lost, many of them irreplaceable. ► see thesaurus at valuable

Answer 193

in‧ex‧haus‧ti‧ble /ˌɪnɪɡˈzɔːstəbəl◂ $ -ˈzɒːs-/ adjective something that is inexhaustible exists in such large amounts that it can never be finished or used up She has an inexhaustible supply of funny stories. a man of inexhaustible energy

Answer 194

unconsciousness (the spelling)

Answer 195

in‧stan‧ta‧ne‧ous /ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəs◂/ adjective happening immediately modern methods of instantaneous communication —instantaneously adverb

Answer 196

spon‧ta‧ne‧ous /spɑːnˈteɪniəs / ●○○ adjective 1 something that is spontaneous has not been planned or organized, but happens by itself, or because you suddenly feel you want to do it The crowd gave a spontaneous cheer. My spontaneous reaction was to run away. 2 someone who is spontaneous does things without planning them first – used to show approval —spontaneously adverb She laughed spontaneously. —spontaneity /ˌspɒntˈniːəti, -ˈneɪəti $ ˌspɑːn-/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 197

un‧ceas‧ing /ʌnˈsiːsɪŋ/ adjective never stopping his unceasing efforts to help the poor —unceasingly adverb

Answer 198

up‧turn /ˈʌptɜːn $ -tɜːrn/ noun [countable] an increase in the level of something, especially in business activity OPP downturn upturn in an upturn in the housing market an economic upturn

Answer 199

jeop‧ar‧dize (also jeopardise British English) /ˈdʒepərdaɪz $ -ər-/ verb [transitive] to risk losing or spoiling something important large-scale military offensives which could jeopardize the UN peace process

Answer 200

self sabotage sab‧o‧tage1 /ˈsæbətɑːʒ/ verb [transitive] 1 to secretly damage or destroy equipment, vehicles etc that belong to an enemy or opponent, so that they cannot be used

Answer 201

pli‧ers /ˈplaɪərz/ noun [plural] Image of pliersa small tool made of two crossed pieces of metal, used to hold small things or to bend and cut wire a pair of pliers

Answer 202

rhi‧no‧ce‧ros /raɪˈnɒsərəs $ -ˈnɑː-/ noun (plural rhinoceros or rhinoceroses) [countable] Image of rhinocerosa large heavy African or Asian animal with thick skin and either one or two horns on its nose → hippopotamus

Answer 203

comb1 /koʊm/ ●●● S3 noun 1 Image of comb[countable] a flat piece of plastic, metal etc with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for making your hair tidy → brush 2 [countable] a small flat piece of plastic, metal etc with a row of thin teeth on one side, used for keeping your hair back or for decoration 3 [singular] if you give your hair a comb, you make it tidy using a comb Your hair needs a good comb. 4 [countable] the red piece of flesh that grows on top of a male chicken’s head

Answer 204

lin‧guis‧tics /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/ ●○○ noun [uncountable] the study of language in general and of particular languages, their structure, grammar, and history

Answer 205

hip‧po‧pot‧a‧mus /ˌhɪpəˈpɒtəməs $ -ˈpɑː-/ noun (plural hippopotamuses or hippopotami /-maɪ-/) [countable] Image of hippopotamusa large grey African animal with a big head and mouth that lives near water

Answer 206

fa‧ble /ˈfeɪbəl/ noun 1 [countable] a traditional short story that teaches a moral lesson, especially a story about animals the fable of the fox and the crow

Answer 207

ap‧prais‧al /əˈpreɪzəl/ ●○○ noun 1 [countable, uncountable] a statement or opinion judging the worth, value, or condition of something appraisal of It needed a calmer appraisal of her situation. a critical appraisal of the existing facilities 2 [countable] a meeting between a manager and a worker to discuss the quality of someone’s work and how well they do their job

Answer 208

fright‧ened /ˈfraɪtnd/

Answer 209

spe‧cial‧i‧za‧tion (also specialisation British English) /ˌspeʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/

Answer 210

cri‧te‧ri‧on /kraɪˈtɪəriən $ -ˈtɪr-/

Answer 211

ma‧lar‧key /məˈlɑːki $ -ˈlɑːr-/ noun [uncountable] informal things which you think are silly or untrue SYN nonsense I’m not interested in all this scientific malarkey. You don’t believe in ghosts and all that malarkey, do you?

Answer 212

de‧cline1 /dɪˈklaɪn/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun [singular, uncountable] a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of something decline in There has been a decline in the size of families. decline of the decline of manufacturing rapid/sharp/steep/dramatic decline a rapid decline in unemployment steady/gradual/long-term decline The island’s population initially numbered 180, but there was a gradual decline until only 40 people were left. the economic decline faced by many cities in decline/on the decline (=falling) the widely held belief that educational standards are in decline fall/go etc into decline (=become less important, successful etc) The port fell into decline in the 1950s.

Answer 213

rel‧ish1 /ˈrelɪʃ/ ●○○ verb [transitive] to enjoy an experience or the thought of something that is going to happen relish the prospect/thought/idea I don’t relish the thought of you walking home alone. relish the chance/opportunity He relishes the chance to play Hamlet.

Answer 214

se‧nile /ˈsiːnaɪl/ adjective mentally confused or behaving strangely, because of old age a senile old man She worries about going senile. —senility /sɪˈnɪləti/ noun [uncountable]

Answer 215

vo‧cab‧u‧la‧ry /voʊˈkæbjəleri/ ●●● S3 noun (plural vocabularies) 1 [countable, uncountable] all the words that someone knows or uses Teachers were impressed by his vocabulary. 2 [countable] all the words in a particular language English has the largest vocabulary of any language. 3 [countable, uncountable] the words that are typically used when talking about a particular subject Most technical jobs use a specialized vocabulary. vocabulary of the vocabulary of politics 4 [countable, uncountable] the range of possible features, effects, actions etc, especially in a type of music or art vocabulary of Charlie Parker expanded the vocabulary of jazz. 5 → (the word) failure/guilt/compromise etc is not in somebody’s vocabulary 6 [countable] old-fashioned a list of words with explanations of their meanings, especially in a book for learning a foreign language

Answer 216

word1 /wɜːrd/ ●●● S1 W1 noun 1 GROUP OF LETTERS [countable] a single group of letters that are used together with a particular meaning Write an essay of about five hundred words. What does that word mean? 'Vater' is the German word for (=that means) 'father'. Perhaps 'lucky' is not exactly the right word.

Answer 217

sa‧vour1 British English, savor American English /ˈseɪvər / verb [transitive] 1 to fully enjoy the taste or smell of something She sipped her wine, savouring every drop. 2 to fully enjoy a time or experience She savoured her few hours of freedom. He hesitated, savouring the moment.

Answer 218

in‧cred‧u‧lous /ɪnˈkredʒələs/ adjective unable or unwilling to believe something ‘You sold the car?’ she asked, incredulous. incredulous look/expression/voice etc She shot him an incredulous look.

Answer 219

cav‧ern /ˈkævən $ -ərn/ noun [countable] a large cave

Answer 220

char‧la‧tan /ˈʃɑːlətən $ ˈʃɑːr-/ noun [countable] literary someone who pretends to have special skills or knowledge – used to show disapproval

Answer 221

non‧cha‧lant /ˈnɒnʃələnt $ ˌnɑːnʃəˈlɑːnt/ adjective behaving calmly and not seeming interested in anything or worried about anything ‘Has he got a girlfriend?’ Jill asked, trying to sound nonchalant. —nonchalance noun [uncountable] —nonchalantly adverb He smiled nonchalantly.

Answer 222

dyn‧a‧sty /ˈdaɪnəsti / ●○○ noun (plural dynasties) [countable] 1 a family of kings or other rulers whose parents, grandparents etc have ruled the country for many years The Habsburg dynasty ruled in Austria from 1278 to 1918. 2 a period of time when a particular family ruled a country or area 3 informal a group or family that controls a particular business or organization for a long time the Rothschild banking dynasty

Answer 223

lus‧cious /ˈlʌʃəs/ adjective 1 extremely good to eat or drink a luscious and fragrant dessert wine 2 informal very sexually attractive her luscious body

Answer 224

ex‧qui‧site /ɪkˈskwɪzət, ˈekskwɪ-/ ●○○ adjective 1 extremely beautiful and very delicately made the most exquisite craftsmanship ► see thesaurus at beautiful 2 very sensitive and delicate in the way you behave or do things She has exquisite taste in art. 3 literary exquisite pain or pleasure is felt very strongly —exquisitely adverb —exquisiteness noun [uncountable]

Answer 225

ap‧pe‧tiz‧ing (also appetising British English) /ˈæpətaɪzɪŋ/ ●○○ adjective food that is appetizing smells or looks very good, making you want to eat it OPP unappetizing an appetizing aroma The food wasn’t particularly appetizing. /ˈæpətaɪzə /

Answer 226

fi‧brous /ˈfaɪbrəs/ adjective consisting of many fibres or looking like fibres The coconut has a fibrous outer covering.

Answer 227

sen‧su‧ous /ˈsenʃuəs/ adjective 1 pleasing to your senses the sensuous feeling of silk on her skin sensuous music 2 literary attractive in a sexual way full sensuous lips a beautiful and sensuous young woman —sensuously adverb —sensuousness noun [uncountable]

Answer 228

wilt1 /wɪlt/ verb [intransitive] 1 if a plant wilts, it bends over because it is too dry or old → droop 2 informal to feel weak or tired, especially because you are too hot

Answer 229

pat‧i‧o /ˈpætiəʊ $ -oʊ/ noun (plural patios) [countable] a flat hard area near a house, where people sit outside

Answer 230

porch /pɔːtʃ $ pɔːrtʃ/ ●●● S3 noun [countable] 1 British English an entrance covered by a roof outside the front door of a house or church 2 American English a structure built onto the front or back entrance of a house, with a floor and a roof but no walls

Answer 231

as‧trin‧gent1 /əˈstrɪndʒənt/ adjective 1 an astringent liquid is able to make your skin less oily or stop a wound from bleeding 2 criticizing someone very severely astringent remarks 3 having a sharp acid taste —astringency noun [uncountable] Examples from the Corpus astringent * One could have too much of loneliness and isolation, and Jenny was good company; cheerful and amusingly astringent. * There was still no wind, stars were out, and the air now was cold and astringent. * Until Hachiyas are ripe, they are shockingly astringent. * It felt cool and astringent but the bugs kept biting. * The style is emotive but the intellectual understanding informing it has an astringent clarity which is very moving. * Though I hardly drink at all, I admit to loving that astringent cold perfume of vodka every now and then. Related topics: Hair & beauty, Hospital astringent2 noun [countable, uncountable] technical a liquid used to make your skin less oily or to stop a wound from bleeding

Answer 232

leash1 /liːʃ/ ●○○ noun [countable] especially American English 1 a piece of rope, leather etc fastened to a dog’s collar in order to control it SYN lead British English on/off a leash At her side on a leash trotted a small grey dog. Never leave your dog off the leash outside a store.

Answer 233

lynch /lɪntʃ/ verb [transitive] if a crowd of people lynches someone, they kill them, especially by hanging them, without a trial —lynching noun [countable]

Answer 234

per‧sim‧mon /pəˈsɪmən $ pər-/ noun [countable] Image of persimmona soft orange-coloured fruit that grows in hot countries

Answer 235

la‧den /ˈleɪdn/ adjective 1 literary heavily loaded with something, or containing a lot of something laden with The tables were laden with food. fully/heavily laden The lorry was fully laden. snow-laden branches 2 having a lot of a particular quality, thing etc laden with She was laden with doubts about the affair. trucks laden with equipment a debt-laden company

Answer 236

Seize /siːz/ ●●○ W3 verb [transitive] 1 to take hold of something suddenly and violently SYN grab Suddenly, he seized my hand. seize something from somebody Maggie seized the letter from her.

Answer 237

la‧goon /ləˈɡuːn/ noun [countable] 1 a lake of sea water that is partly separated from the sea by rocks, sand, or coral a coastal lagoon 2 American English a small lake which is not very deep, near a larger lake or river

Answer 238

con‧cur‧rent /kənˈkʌrənt $ -ˈkɜːr-/ AWL adjective 1 existing or happening at the same time The exhibition reflected concurrent developments abroad. 2 formal in agreement concurrent with My opinions are concurrent with yours. —concurrently adverb Because his prison sentences run concurrently, he could be free in two years.

Answer 239

per‧son‧i‧fy /pərˈsɑːnɪfaɪ/ verb (personified, personifying, personifies) [transitive] 1 to have a lot of a particular quality or be a typical example of something Carter personifies the values of self-reliance and hard work. kindness/generosity etc personified Bertha was kindness personified. 2 to think of or represent a quality or thing as a person personify something as somebody Time is often personified as an old man.

Answer 240

pre‧sump‧tu‧ous /prɪˈzʌmptʃuəs/ adjective formal doing something that you have no right to do and that seems rude is it presumptuous (of somebody) to do something Would it be presumptuous of me to ask why you are so miserable? —presumptuously adverb —presumptuousness noun [uncountable]

Answer 241

pre‧sume /prɪˈzuːm/ ●●○ S3 AWL verb 1 [transitive] to think that something is true, although you are not certain SYN assume Each of you will make a speech, I presume? ‘Are his parents still alive?’ 'I presume so.’ presume that I presume we’ll be there by six o'clock. presume somebody/something to be somebody/something From the way he talked, I presumed him to be your boss. be presumed to do something The temple is presumed to date from the first century BC. 2 [transitive] to accept something as true until it is shown to not be true, especially in law SYN assume We must presume innocence until we have evidence of guilt. be presumed dead/innocent etc Their nephew was missing, presumed dead. 3 [intransitive] formal to behave without respect or politeness by doing something that you have no right to do presume to do something I would never presume to tell you what to do. 4 [transitive usually in present tense] formal to accept something as being true and base something else on it SYN presuppose The Ancient History course presumes some knowledge of Greek. presume that I presume that someone will be there to meet us when we arrive. 5 → presume on/upon somebody’s friendship/generosity etc → See Verb table

Answer 242

se‧quel /ˈsiːkwəl/ ●○○ noun 1 [countable] a book, film, play etc that continues the story of an earlier one, usually written or made by the same person → prequel ‘Star Wars’ and its sequels sequel to She’s writing a sequel to her first novel. 2 [countable usually singular] an event that happens as a result of something that happened before

Answer 243

phe‧nom‧e‧non /fɪˈnɒmənən $ fɪˈnɑːmənɑːn, -nən/ ●●○ W3 AWL noun (plural phenomena /-nə/) [countable] 1 something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand phenomenon of the growing phenomenon of telecommuting Homelessness is not a new phenomenon. natural/historical/social etc phenomenon Language is a social and cultural phenomenon. ► see thesaurus at event 2 something or someone that is very unusual because of a rare quality or ability that they have

Answer 244

phe‧nom‧e‧nal /fɪˈnɒmɪnəl $ -ˈnɑː-/ ●○○ AWL adjective very great or impressive the phenomenal success of computer games in recent years phenomenal growth/rise/increase California had experienced a phenomenal growth in population. He has learned a phenomenal amount in the last two years. The results have been phenomenal. —phenomenally adverb The group have been phenomenally successful in Europe.

Answer 245

nau‧se‧ous /ˈnɔːziəs, -siəs $ -ˈnɒːziəs, -ʃəs/ adjective 1 especially American English feeling that you are going to vomit SYN sick I felt slightly nauseous. The taste made me nauseous. 2 formal making you feel that you are going to vomit a nauseous smell

Answer 246

con‧verge /kənˈvɜːdʒ $ -ˈvɜːrdʒ/ ●○○ verb [intransitive] 1 to come from different directions and meet at the same point to become one thing OPP diverge The two rivers converge into one near Pittsburgh. 2 if groups of people converge in a particular place, they come there from many different places and meet together to form a large crowd converge on Reporters converged on the scene. 3 if different ideas or aims converge, they become the same OPP diverge Cultural beliefs about the role of women converge with government policies. —convergent adjective The member states should start to have more convergent policies.

Answer 247

squeak1 /skwiːk/ ●●○ verb 1 [intransitive] to make a short high noise or cry that is not loud A rat squeaked and ran into the bushes. The door squeaked open. 2 [intransitive, transitive] to say something in a very high voice, especially because you are nervous or excited ‘Too late!’ she squeaked. 3 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] informal to succeed, win, or pass a test by a very small amount so that you only just avoid failure SYN scrape squeak through/by/past/in She just squeaked through her math test.

Answer 248

cham‧pi‧on1 /ˈtʃæmpiən/ ●●● W3 noun [countable] reigning/defending champion (=the champion at the present time) champion2 ●○○ verb [transitive] written to publicly fight for and defend an aim or principle, such as the rights of a group of people She championed the cause of religious freedom.

Answer 249

reign1 /reɪn/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 the period when someone is king, queen, or emperor reign of changes that took place during Charlemagne’s reign the reign of James I 2 the period when someone is in charge of an organization, team etc during his reign at the Education Department 3 a period during which something is the most powerful or most important feature of a place reign of the reign of Stalinism in Russia