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Chemistry Y12 > What's in a medicine(WM) > Flashcards

What's in a medicine(WM) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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2
Q

How can you classify alcohols?

A

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary

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3
Q

What is the classification of alcohols based on?

A

How many carbons are bonded to the carbon which has the hydroxyl group attached

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4
Q

What is the strongest imb formed in alcohols?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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5
Q

What does hydrogen bonds cause alchohols to be?

A

Liquid at room temperature and less volatile than alkanes/alkenes of a similar length

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6
Q

What happnes as an alcohol’s carbon chain increases?

A

Melting and boiling points increase
Less polar=less soluble

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7
Q

Why are smaller alcohols soluble in water?

A

The polar O-H bond

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8
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

C=O

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9
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

C=O

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10
Q

What’s the difference between a ketone and an aldehyde?

A

Location of the C=O bond
aldehyde- 1st carbon
ketone-any carbon which has two other carbons attached

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11
Q

What is the general formula of a ketone and aldehyde?

A

CnH2nO

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12
Q

What is the general formula of a carboxylic acis?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

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13
Q

What imbs can be found in ketones and alddehydes?

A

ID-ID and PD-PD

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14
Q

Why are small carbonyl compounds soluble in water?

A

Contain a polar carbonyl group which can form hydrogen bonds with water

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15
Q

What happens to solubility as carbon chain length increases?

A

Decreases

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16
Q

Why are carboxylic acids more soluble in water than aldehydes and ketones?

A

The hydroxyl group is also able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

17
Q

What is the test for phenol?

A

Iron(III) chloride-turns purple if a phenol is present

18
Q

What is classified as an addition reaction?

A

When atoms are added to a compound containing a double or triple bond

19
Q

What is the general formula for acid anhydrides?

A

(RCO)2O

20
Q

What is the general formula for esters?

A

RCOOR’

21
Q

What is the general formula for ethers?

A

ROR’

22
Q

What is used to oxidise primary and secondary alcohols?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

23
Q

What is the colour change when dichromate(VI) is reudced to chromium(III) ion?

A

Orange to green

24
Q

Two options

What is produced when a primary alcohol is oxidised?

A
  1. Aldehyde
  2. Carboxylic acid
25
Q

How do you ensure an aldehyde is produced from a primary alcohol and not a carboxylic acid?

A

Distillation

26
Q

How do you ensure that a carboxylic acid is produced from a primary alcohol and no an aldehyde?

A

Heat under reflux

27
Q

What does heating under reflux?

A

Increasing the temperature of an organic reaction to boiling point, without losing volatile solvents,reactants or products

28
Q

What are the conditions and reagants required to oxidise a secondary alcohol?

A
  • Heat under reflux
  • Use acidified potasium dichromate
29
Q

What is produced by oxidising a secondary alcohol?

A

Ketone

30
Q

Why does prolonged refluxing of a secondary alcohol produce anything more than a ketone?

A

Ketones can’t be oxidised easily due to the strong C=O bond

31
Q

How can alkenes be formed from alcohols?

A

Dehydration reacton
This eliminates a molecule of water from the molecule

32
Q

Two methods

What are the conditions and reagants required to dehyrdate alcohols?

A
  1. Ethanol vapour passed over a hot aluminium oxide catalyst
  2. Reflux the alcohol with excess conc sulfuric acid at 170°C
33
Q

Two methods

How can alcohols form esters?

A
  1. Heat carboxylic acid with alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst
  2. React acid anhydride with alcohol
34
Q

What method is used to seperate substances with different boiling points?

A

Distillation

35
Q

What method is used to purify organic solids?

A

Recrystallisation

Chemistry Y12 (6 decks)

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