What is Psychology? Flashcards
1
Q
Any knowledge discipline is hard to define. Why?
A
- Evolves continuously
2. range of phenomena it studies cannot be captured by a single definition
2
Q
‘Psychology’ derivation
A
from 2 Greek words psyche-soul and logos-study of
3
Q
What was the initial definition of psychology?
A
Study of soul/mind
4
Q
Define psychology
A
A scientific discipline which deals with processes underlying human experience and behaviour
5
Q
A discipline is defined both in terms of ________ and ________
A
What it studies and how it studies(more)
6
Q
Define psychology formally
A
A science which studies mental processes, experiences and behaviour in different contexts
7
Q
Psychology uses methods of _____ and _____ sciences to obtain data systematically
A
Biological and social
8
Q
When we say experiences are internal to the experiencing person, then we refer to states of ?
A
Consciousness, awareness or mental processes
9
Q
We use _____ when we try or think of a problem, to know or remember something
A
our mental processes
10
Q
Brain activities and mental processes are the same. True or False
A
False. They are not same but interdependent i.e they are overlapping processes but not identical
11
Q
_______ emerges and evolves as our interactions and experiences in this world get dynamically organised in the form of a system which is responsible for the occurrence of various mental processes
A
Mind
12
Q
_____ activities provide important clues as to how our mind functions
A
Brain
13
Q
Even when we are asleep mental activities take place. True or False
A
True. some do take place even when we are asleep
14
Q
Experiences are _____ in nature
A
Subjective
15
Q
What is it called when a yogi meditates to enter a different level of consciousness or someone takes a drug to feel high?
A
Esoteric experiences
16
Q
Experiences are influenced by _____ and _____ conditions of the experiencer
A
Internal and External
17
Q
Nature of experience can only be understood by analysing a complex set of _____ and ______ conditions
A
internal and external
18
Q
_________ are responses or reactions we make or activities we engage in?
A
Behaviours
19
Q
When something is hurled at you, why do you blink?
A
Simple reflex action
20
Q
Types of behaviour
A
Overt(external), Covert(internal)
21
Q
All behaviours, covert or overt are associated with or triggered by some ____ in the environment or changes that happen internally
A
Stimulus
22
Q
Brain is ______ and Mind is _____
A
Tangible, Transcendental
23
Q
In the Indian tradition ___ and ____ is held to be a major source of psychological understanding
A
Self reflection and analysis of our conscious experiences
24
Q
Psychology is a very ___knowledge discipline but it is a ____ science
A
old, young
25
First experimental laboratory of psychology was founded in?
Leipzig, Germany in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt
26
Psychology is generally categorised as a?
social science
27
__________ make it possible to study brain processes in real time i.e, when they are actually taking place
Brain imaging techniques
| Eg: fMRI, EEG etc
28
What are the two parallel streams of psychology?
- physical and biological sciences
| - social and cultural sciences
29
Psychology has its roots in ______
Philosophy
30
Which model suggest that a scientific advancement can take place if you have a theory to explain a phenomenon
Hypothetico-deductive model
31
_________ is a set of statements about how a certain complex phenomenon can be explained with the help of propositions which are interrelated
Theory
32
Which neuroscientists bought the term 'mind' back to psychology?
Sperry and Penrose
33
who showed that using positive visualisation techniques and feeling positive emotions, one can bring about significant changes in bodily processes ?
Dean Ornish
34
A new discipline called __________ has emerged which emphasises the role played by the mind in strengthening the immune system
Psychoneuroimmunology
35
common sense is based on ____
Hindsight
36
Scientific knowledge generated by psychology often runs against _______
Common sense
37
Who conducted a study on two groups of students as he/she was concerned about children who gave up too easily?
Carol Dweck (1975)
38
Psychologists during Wundt's time were called ____
Structuralists (as they were interested in the study of conscious experience and wanted to analyse the constituents or the building blocks of the mind)
39
__________ was a procedure in which individuals or subjects in psychological experiments were asked to describe in detail, their own mental processes or experiences
Introspection
40
Drawbacks of Introspection
- considered less scientific
- reports could not be verified by outside observers
- led to development of new perspectives in psychology
41
American psychologist who developed a functionalist approach to the study of human mind
William James
| -set up a psychological laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts soon after leipzig laboratory
42
what approach is focusing on the what the mind does and how behaviour functions in making people deal with their environment
Functionalist approach
43
According to William James, what formed the core of psychology?
Consciousness interacting with the environment
44
______ used functionalism to argue that human beings seek to function effectively by adapting to their environment
John Dewey -influential educational thinker
45
In the early 20th century a new perspective called _________emerged as a reaction to Wundt's structuralism in Germany
Gestalt psychology (1912)
46
_____________ concept focused on the organisation of perceptual experiences
Gestalt psychology
47
Experience is ____; it is a Gestalt
Holistic
48
What was the reaction to structuralism in 1910?
Behaviourism by John Watson
- rejected ideas of mind and consciousness as a subject matter
- greatly influenced by Ivan Pavlov-classical conditioning
- he believes that mind is not observable i.e it cannot be observed by another person
- psych must focus on what is verifiable and observable
49
Behaviourists further developed _______
Behaviourism
50
who popularised behaviourism by applying it to a wide range of situations?
B. F.Skinner
51
_______________ viewed human behaviour as a dynamic manifestation of unconcscious desires and conflicts
Sigmund Freud
52
What is psychoanalysis ? who is the founder?
A system to understand and cure psychological disorders founded by Sigmund Freud
53
Humanistic perspective by
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
- humanists (positive view)
- against behaviourism (argued that it undermines human freedom and dignity and takes a mechanistic view of nature)
- emphasised free will of human beings and their natural striving to grow and unfold their inner potential
54
_______ is the process of knowing
Cognition
55
Aspects of _______ and _______ were combined and let to the development of cognitive perspective
Gestalt approach and structuralism
56
Some cognitive psychologists view the human mind as a information processing unit or a ________
Computer
57
Modern cognitive psychology is also known as
Constructivism
58
________ view of child development is considered a constructivist theory of development of the mind
Piaget
59
Russian psychologist ____________ suggested that human mind develops through social and cultural processes in which the mind is viewed as culturally constructed through joint interaction between adults and children
Vygotsky
60
First psychology laboratory in India
in Calcutta university 1915
- first dept of psych in 1916 in same uni
- and dept of applied psych in 1938
- greatly influenced by Dr.N.N.Sengupta
61
___________ established Indian Psycho analytical Association in 1922
Professor G Bose
62
Other early centers of teaching and research of psychology in India
Dept of Psych in Uni of Mysore and Patna
63
2 centres of excellence supported by the UGC ________ and ________
Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar and University of Allahabad
64
______ in his book 'Psychology in a third world country': The Indian Experience published in ____ traced the history of modern psychology as a social science in India in 4 phases
Durganand Sinha
1986
-Phase 1: till independence
-Phase 2: till 1960s phase of expansion of psych
-Phase 3: post 1960s
-Phase 4: phase of indigenisation, late 1970s
65
2 basic activities that psychologists engage in
Research and application
66
who proposed tha famous equation B=f(P,E)
Kurt Lewin
67
The range of phenomena psychology studies are spread over several levels namely____
Individual, dyadic group and organisational
| also have biological and social bases
68
Our brain activities can be observed using different techniques of ____
Brain imaging
69
Both stimulus and response can be ___ and ____
Internal and External
70
Psychology is a subject of study offered in the faculty of science both in the _____ and ____levels
Undergraduate and post graduate
71
In IT areas both human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence cannot possibly grow without psychological knowledge in ________
Cognitive process
72
Each behavioural phenomenon is assumed to have ___causes
multiple
73
Psychology is a social science with focus on individuals and communities in relation to their ______ and _____ environment
Socio-cultural and physical
74
For many decades the _____ remained a taboo is psychology because it could not be defined in concrete behavioural terms or it's location could not be indicated
Mind
75
Mind can exist without brain. True or False
False. cannot. but mind is a separate entity
76
an amateur athlete lost his arm in an accident but continued to feel it's movements. what does this say about the mind and brain?
Mind is a separate entity eventhough it cannot exist without brain
77
Popular theories of human behaviour based on common sense are always correct. True or false
False. they may or may not be true when investigated scientifically
78
Psychology as a science looks for patterns of behaviour that can be _____and not explained after that behaviour occurs
predicted
79
How are psychologists different from tantriks and palm readers?
Because they systematically examine propositions based on data to develop principles and other psychological phenomena
80
________ psychology investigates mental processes involved in acquisition, storage, manipulation and transformation of information received from the environment along with it's use and communication
Cognitive
81
An approach which focuses on environmental factors to study cognitive processes in a natural setting
Ecological approach
82
Cognitive psychologists often collaborate with _____ and _____
Neuroscientists and Computer scientists
83
______ psychology focuses on the relationship between behaviour and physical system
Biological
84
Biological scientists often collaborate with __, ___ and ___
neuroscientists, zoologists and anthropologists
85
a field of research where neuroscientists and psychologists work together __
Neuropsychology
86
______ are responsible for neural communication in different areas of the brain and therefore in associated mental functions
Neurotransmitters or chemical substances
87
______studies the physical, social and psychological changes that occur at different stages over a life-span
Developmental psychology
88
The primary concern of developmental psychologists is _____
How we become what we are
89
____psychology explores how people are affected by their social environments
social
90
_____psychology examines the role of culture in understanding behaviour, thought and emotion
Cross cultural and cultural
91
Which psychology says that behaviour should be studied in its socio-cultural context?
Cross cultural and cultural
92
___psychology studies the interaction of physical factors on human behaviour ?
Environmental
93
In which psychology is the influence of physical arrangement of the workplace on health, the emotional state and interpersonal relations also investigated ?
Environmental
94
____psychology focuses on the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention and treatment of illness
Health
95
____psychology deals with causes, treatment and prevention of different types of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, eating disorders and chronic substance abuse
Clinical and Counselling (and psychiatrists)
96
_____aims to improve everyday functioning by helping solve problems of people in daily living and cope more effectively with challenging situations
Counselling
97
A ____ psychologist sometimes deals with people who have less serious problems
Counselling
98
In many instances _____psychologists work with students, advising them about personal problems and career planning
Counselling
99
A _____psychologist has a degree in psychology, which includes intensive training in treating people with psychological disorders
Clinical
100
A _____ has a medical degree with years of specialised training in the treatment of psychological disorders.
Psychiatrist
101
Psychiatrists can prescribe medications and give electroshock treatments while clinical psychologists cannot. True or False
True
102
_____ psychology deals with workplace behaviour, focusing on both the workers and the organisations that employ them
Organisational/Industrial
103
The background of Industrial psychologists often include training in ____ and ____
Cognitive and social psychology
104
____psychology studies how people of all ages learn
Educational
105
______ psychologists primarily help develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in both educational and work settings.
Educational
106
____psychologists are concerned with research on issues of relevance for education, counselling and learning problems
Educational
107
____psychology focuses on designing programmes that promote intellectual, social and emotional development of children, including those with special needs
School
108
_____psychologists try to apply knowledge of psychology to a school setting
School
109
____psychology applies psychological principles to improve sports performance by enhancing their motivation
Sports
110
____ is a relatively new field but it gaining acceptance worldwide
Sports
111
What do psychologists do?
They do several things while working in a variety of settings
112
Psychology like other sciences attempts to develop principles of ____ and ___
Behaviour and mental processes
113
In research the main concern is with the understanding and explanation of _____ and ______and ______
Behaviour, mental events, processes
114
Psychologists who chose to engage in research function more like other _____
Scientists
115
Experimental, comparative, physiological, developmental, social, differential and abnormal psychology are domains of
Basic psychology
116
____ psychologists study the processes of perception, learning, memory, thinking and motivation etc
Experimental
117
______psychologists examine physiological bases of behaviours
Physiological
118
______psychologists study qualitative and quantitative changes in behaviour from the beginning of a human life to its end
Developmental
119
____ psychologists focus on the study of experience and behaviour of individuals as they take place in social contexts
social
120
Human behaviour is a function of the attributes of ____ and ___
Persons and environment
121
Psychologists have considered that for a long time no individual is the same, if one considers their biological attributes. True or false
False. Physiological attributes*
122
____psychology focuses on individual differences that emerged and flourished in the late 19th and early 20th century
Differential (most of it still remains in the form of personality psychology)
123
Although core psychological processes are universal they are susceptible to individual disposition. true or false
True
124
____ argue that psychology offers a male perspective and ignores the perspective of women
Feminists (They argue in favor of a dialectic approach that favours both male and female perspectives in understanding human behaviour)
125
_____psychology provides us with theories and principles that form the basis of application of psychology
Basic
126
_____psychology provides us with different contexts in which the theories and principles derived from research can be meaningfully applies
Applied
127
seemingly there is no fundamental difference between research and application . true or false
True (they are highly interrelated and mutually reinforcing)
128
Efficiency of music therapy is proven. true or false
False. yet to be proven
129
_________psychologists specialise in helping clients with behavioural problems by providing therapy for various mental disorders and in case of anxiety or fear, or with stresses at home or work
Clinical
130
_______psychologists work either as private practitioners or at hospitals, mental institutions or with social agencies
Clinical
131
_____psychologists may be involved in conducting interviews and administering psychological tests to diagnose the client's problems and use psychological methods for their treatment and rehabilitation
Clinical
132
Job opportunities in ___ psychology attract quite a few
Clinical
133
____work with persons who suffer from motivational and emotional problems.
Counselling/consulting psychologists
134
____psychologist may be involved in vocational rehabilitation programmes, or helping persons in making professional choices or in adjusting to new and difficult situations of life
Counselling
135
_____psychologists work for public agencies such as mental health centers, hospitals, schools, colleges and universities
Counselling
136
_____psychologists focus on problems related to community mental health
Community
137
____psychologists work for mental health agencies, private organisations and state governments
Community
138
In ____ areas community psychologists may work to establish a mental health center
Rural
139
In ____ areas community psychologists may desgin a drug rehabilitation programme
Urban
140
____psychologists also work with the elderly, physically or mentally challenged
Community
141
______ rehabilitation is of major interest to community psychologists
Community based rehabilitation (CBR)
142
______ psychologists work in educational systems and their roles vary according to their levels of training
School
143
_____psychologists help in the formation of school policies
School
144
some organisational psychologists speacialise in HRD while others in ____ and ____
Organisational development and change management programme
145
Very often some of us think very highly of ourselves and any feedback that contradicts our opinion about ourselves is rejected because we engage in what is called a _______
Defensive behaviour
