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What is Psychology? Flashcards

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1
Q

Any knowledge discipline is hard to define. Why?

A
  1. Evolves continuously

2. range of phenomena it studies cannot be captured by a single definition

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2
Q

‘Psychology’ derivation

A

from 2 Greek words psyche-soul and logos-study of

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3
Q

What was the initial definition of psychology?

A

Study of soul/mind

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4
Q

Define psychology

A

A scientific discipline which deals with processes underlying human experience and behaviour

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5
Q

A discipline is defined both in terms of ________ and ________

A

What it studies and how it studies(more)

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6
Q

Define psychology formally

A

A science which studies mental processes, experiences and behaviour in different contexts

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7
Q

Psychology uses methods of _____ and _____ sciences to obtain data systematically

A

Biological and social

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8
Q

When we say experiences are internal to the experiencing person, then we refer to states of ?

A

Consciousness, awareness or mental processes

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9
Q

We use _____ when we try or think of a problem, to know or remember something

A

our mental processes

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10
Q

Brain activities and mental processes are the same. True or False

A

False. They are not same but interdependent i.e they are overlapping processes but not identical

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11
Q

_______ emerges and evolves as our interactions and experiences in this world get dynamically organised in the form of a system which is responsible for the occurrence of various mental processes

A

Mind

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12
Q

_____ activities provide important clues as to how our mind functions

A

Brain

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13
Q

Even when we are asleep mental activities take place. True or False

A

True. some do take place even when we are asleep

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14
Q

Experiences are _____ in nature

A

Subjective

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15
Q

What is it called when a yogi meditates to enter a different level of consciousness or someone takes a drug to feel high?

A

Esoteric experiences

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16
Q

Experiences are influenced by _____ and _____ conditions of the experiencer

A

Internal and External

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17
Q

Nature of experience can only be understood by analysing a complex set of _____ and ______ conditions

A

internal and external

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18
Q

_________ are responses or reactions we make or activities we engage in?

A

Behaviours

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19
Q

When something is hurled at you, why do you blink?

A

Simple reflex action

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20
Q

Types of behaviour

A

Overt(external), Covert(internal)

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21
Q

All behaviours, covert or overt are associated with or triggered by some ____ in the environment or changes that happen internally

A

Stimulus

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22
Q

Brain is ______ and Mind is _____

A

Tangible, Transcendental

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23
Q

In the Indian tradition ___ and ____ is held to be a major source of psychological understanding

A

Self reflection and analysis of our conscious experiences

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24
Q

Psychology is a very ___knowledge discipline but it is a ____ science

A

old, young

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25
Q

First experimental laboratory of psychology was founded in?

A

Leipzig, Germany in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt

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26
Q

Psychology is generally categorised as a?

A

social science

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27
Q

__________ make it possible to study brain processes in real time i.e, when they are actually taking place

A

Brain imaging techniques

Eg: fMRI, EEG etc

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28
Q

What are the two parallel streams of psychology?

A
  • physical and biological sciences

- social and cultural sciences

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29
Q

Psychology has its roots in ______

A

Philosophy

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30
Q

Which model suggest that a scientific advancement can take place if you have a theory to explain a phenomenon

A

Hypothetico-deductive model

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31
Q

_________ is a set of statements about how a certain complex phenomenon can be explained with the help of propositions which are interrelated

A

Theory

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32
Q

Which neuroscientists bought the term ‘mind’ back to psychology?

A

Sperry and Penrose

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33
Q

who showed that using positive visualisation techniques and feeling positive emotions, one can bring about significant changes in bodily processes ?

A

Dean Ornish

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34
Q

A new discipline called __________ has emerged which emphasises the role played by the mind in strengthening the immune system

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

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35
Q

common sense is based on ____

A

Hindsight

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36
Q

Scientific knowledge generated by psychology often runs against _______

A

Common sense

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37
Q

Who conducted a study on two groups of students as he/she was concerned about children who gave up too easily?

A

Carol Dweck (1975)

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38
Q

Psychologists during Wundt’s time were called ____

A

Structuralists (as they were interested in the study of conscious experience and wanted to analyse the constituents or the building blocks of the mind)

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39
Q

__________ was a procedure in which individuals or subjects in psychological experiments were asked to describe in detail, their own mental processes or experiences

A

Introspection

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40
Q

Drawbacks of Introspection

A
  • considered less scientific
  • reports could not be verified by outside observers
  • led to development of new perspectives in psychology
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41
Q

American psychologist who developed a functionalist approach to the study of human mind

A

William James

-set up a psychological laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts soon after leipzig laboratory

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42
Q

what approach is focusing on the what the mind does and how behaviour functions in making people deal with their environment

A

Functionalist approach

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43
Q

According to William James, what formed the core of psychology?

A

Consciousness interacting with the environment

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44
Q

______ used functionalism to argue that human beings seek to function effectively by adapting to their environment

A

John Dewey -influential educational thinker

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45
Q

In the early 20th century a new perspective called _________emerged as a reaction to Wundt’s structuralism in Germany

A

Gestalt psychology (1912)

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46
Q

_____________ concept focused on the organisation of perceptual experiences

A

Gestalt psychology

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47
Q

Experience is ____; it is a Gestalt

A

Holistic

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48
Q

What was the reaction to structuralism in 1910?

A

Behaviourism by John Watson

  • rejected ideas of mind and consciousness as a subject matter
  • greatly influenced by Ivan Pavlov-classical conditioning
  • he believes that mind is not observable i.e it cannot be observed by another person
  • psych must focus on what is verifiable and observable
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49
Q

Behaviourists further developed _______

A

Behaviourism

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50
Q

who popularised behaviourism by applying it to a wide range of situations?

A

B. F.Skinner

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51
Q

_______________ viewed human behaviour as a dynamic manifestation of unconcscious desires and conflicts

A

Sigmund Freud

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52
Q

What is psychoanalysis ? who is the founder?

A

A system to understand and cure psychological disorders founded by Sigmund Freud

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53
Q

Humanistic perspective by

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

  • humanists (positive view)
  • against behaviourism (argued that it undermines human freedom and dignity and takes a mechanistic view of nature)
  • emphasised free will of human beings and their natural striving to grow and unfold their inner potential
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54
Q

_______ is the process of knowing

A

Cognition

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55
Q

Aspects of _______ and _______ were combined and let to the development of cognitive perspective

A

Gestalt approach and structuralism

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56
Q

Some cognitive psychologists view the human mind as a information processing unit or a ________

A

Computer

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57
Q

Modern cognitive psychology is also known as

A

Constructivism

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58
Q

________ view of child development is considered a constructivist theory of development of the mind

A

Piaget

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59
Q

Russian psychologist ____________ suggested that human mind develops through social and cultural processes in which the mind is viewed as culturally constructed through joint interaction between adults and children

A

Vygotsky

60
Q

First psychology laboratory in India

A

in Calcutta university 1915

  • first dept of psych in 1916 in same uni
  • and dept of applied psych in 1938
  • greatly influenced by Dr.N.N.Sengupta
61
Q

___________ established Indian Psycho analytical Association in 1922

A

Professor G Bose

62
Q

Other early centers of teaching and research of psychology in India

A

Dept of Psych in Uni of Mysore and Patna

63
Q

2 centres of excellence supported by the UGC ________ and ________

A

Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar and University of Allahabad

64
Q

______ in his book ‘Psychology in a third world country’: The Indian Experience published in ____ traced the history of modern psychology as a social science in India in 4 phases

A

Durganand Sinha
1986
-Phase 1: till independence
-Phase 2: till 1960s phase of expansion of psych
-Phase 3: post 1960s
-Phase 4: phase of indigenisation, late 1970s

65
Q

2 basic activities that psychologists engage in

A

Research and application

66
Q

who proposed tha famous equation B=f(P,E)

A

Kurt Lewin

67
Q

The range of phenomena psychology studies are spread over several levels namely____

A

Individual, dyadic group and organisational

also have biological and social bases

68
Q

Our brain activities can be observed using different techniques of ____

A

Brain imaging

69
Q

Both stimulus and response can be ___ and ____

A

Internal and External

70
Q

Psychology is a subject of study offered in the faculty of science both in the _____ and ____levels

A

Undergraduate and post graduate

71
Q

In IT areas both human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence cannot possibly grow without psychological knowledge in ________

A

Cognitive process

72
Q

Each behavioural phenomenon is assumed to have ___causes

A

multiple

73
Q

Psychology is a social science with focus on individuals and communities in relation to their ______ and _____ environment

A

Socio-cultural and physical

74
Q

For many decades the _____ remained a taboo is psychology because it could not be defined in concrete behavioural terms or it’s location could not be indicated

A

Mind

75
Q

Mind can exist without brain. True or False

A

False. cannot. but mind is a separate entity

76
Q

an amateur athlete lost his arm in an accident but continued to feel it’s movements. what does this say about the mind and brain?

A

Mind is a separate entity eventhough it cannot exist without brain

77
Q

Popular theories of human behaviour based on common sense are always correct. True or false

A

False. they may or may not be true when investigated scientifically

78
Q

Psychology as a science looks for patterns of behaviour that can be _____and not explained after that behaviour occurs

A

predicted

79
Q

How are psychologists different from tantriks and palm readers?

A

Because they systematically examine propositions based on data to develop principles and other psychological phenomena

80
Q

________ psychology investigates mental processes involved in acquisition, storage, manipulation and transformation of information received from the environment along with it’s use and communication

A

Cognitive

81
Q

An approach which focuses on environmental factors to study cognitive processes in a natural setting

A

Ecological approach

82
Q

Cognitive psychologists often collaborate with _____ and _____

A

Neuroscientists and Computer scientists

83
Q

______ psychology focuses on the relationship between behaviour and physical system

A

Biological

84
Q

Biological scientists often collaborate with __, ___ and ___

A

neuroscientists, zoologists and anthropologists

85
Q

a field of research where neuroscientists and psychologists work together __

A

Neuropsychology

86
Q

______ are responsible for neural communication in different areas of the brain and therefore in associated mental functions

A

Neurotransmitters or chemical substances

87
Q

______studies the physical, social and psychological changes that occur at different stages over a life-span

A

Developmental psychology

88
Q

The primary concern of developmental psychologists is _____

A

How we become what we are

89
Q

____psychology explores how people are affected by their social environments

A

social

90
Q

_____psychology examines the role of culture in understanding behaviour, thought and emotion

A

Cross cultural and cultural

91
Q

Which psychology says that behaviour should be studied in its socio-cultural context?

A

Cross cultural and cultural

92
Q

___psychology studies the interaction of physical factors on human behaviour ?

A

Environmental

93
Q

In which psychology is the influence of physical arrangement of the workplace on health, the emotional state and interpersonal relations also investigated ?

A

Environmental

94
Q

____psychology focuses on the role of psychological factors in the development, prevention and treatment of illness

A

Health

95
Q

____psychology deals with causes, treatment and prevention of different types of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, eating disorders and chronic substance abuse

A

Clinical and Counselling (and psychiatrists)

96
Q

_____aims to improve everyday functioning by helping solve problems of people in daily living and cope more effectively with challenging situations

A

Counselling

97
Q

A ____ psychologist sometimes deals with people who have less serious problems

A

Counselling

98
Q

In many instances _____psychologists work with students, advising them about personal problems and career planning

A

Counselling

99
Q

A _____psychologist has a degree in psychology, which includes intensive training in treating people with psychological disorders

A

Clinical

100
Q

A _____ has a medical degree with years of specialised training in the treatment of psychological disorders.

A

Psychiatrist

101
Q

Psychiatrists can prescribe medications and give electroshock treatments while clinical psychologists cannot. True or False

A

True

102
Q

_____ psychology deals with workplace behaviour, focusing on both the workers and the organisations that employ them

A

Organisational/Industrial

103
Q

The background of Industrial psychologists often include training in ____ and ____

A

Cognitive and social psychology

104
Q

____psychology studies how people of all ages learn

A

Educational

105
Q

______ psychologists primarily help develop instructional methods and materials used to train people in both educational and work settings.

A

Educational

106
Q

____psychologists are concerned with research on issues of relevance for education, counselling and learning problems

A

Educational

107
Q

____psychology focuses on designing programmes that promote intellectual, social and emotional development of children, including those with special needs

A

School

108
Q

_____psychologists try to apply knowledge of psychology to a school setting

A

School

109
Q

____psychology applies psychological principles to improve sports performance by enhancing their motivation

A

Sports

110
Q

____ is a relatively new field but it gaining acceptance worldwide

A

Sports

111
Q

What do psychologists do?

A

They do several things while working in a variety of settings

112
Q

Psychology like other sciences attempts to develop principles of ____ and ___

A

Behaviour and mental processes

113
Q

In research the main concern is with the understanding and explanation of _____ and ______and ______

A

Behaviour, mental events, processes

114
Q

Psychologists who chose to engage in research function more like other _____

A

Scientists

115
Q

Experimental, comparative, physiological, developmental, social, differential and abnormal psychology are domains of

A

Basic psychology

116
Q

____ psychologists study the processes of perception, learning, memory, thinking and motivation etc

A

Experimental

117
Q

______psychologists examine physiological bases of behaviours

A

Physiological

118
Q

______psychologists study qualitative and quantitative changes in behaviour from the beginning of a human life to its end

A

Developmental

119
Q

____ psychologists focus on the study of experience and behaviour of individuals as they take place in social contexts

A

social

120
Q

Human behaviour is a function of the attributes of ____ and ___

A

Persons and environment

121
Q

Psychologists have considered that for a long time no individual is the same, if one considers their biological attributes. True or false

A

False. Physiological attributes*

122
Q

____psychology focuses on individual differences that emerged and flourished in the late 19th and early 20th century

A

Differential (most of it still remains in the form of personality psychology)

123
Q

Although core psychological processes are universal they are susceptible to individual disposition. true or false

A

True

124
Q

____ argue that psychology offers a male perspective and ignores the perspective of women

A

Feminists (They argue in favor of a dialectic approach that favours both male and female perspectives in understanding human behaviour)

125
Q

_____psychology provides us with theories and principles that form the basis of application of psychology

A

Basic

126
Q

_____psychology provides us with different contexts in which the theories and principles derived from research can be meaningfully applies

A

Applied

127
Q

seemingly there is no fundamental difference between research and application . true or false

A

True (they are highly interrelated and mutually reinforcing)

128
Q

Efficiency of music therapy is proven. true or false

A

False. yet to be proven

129
Q

_________psychologists specialise in helping clients with behavioural problems by providing therapy for various mental disorders and in case of anxiety or fear, or with stresses at home or work

A

Clinical

130
Q

_______psychologists work either as private practitioners or at hospitals, mental institutions or with social agencies

A

Clinical

131
Q

_____psychologists may be involved in conducting interviews and administering psychological tests to diagnose the client’s problems and use psychological methods for their treatment and rehabilitation

A

Clinical

132
Q

Job opportunities in ___ psychology attract quite a few

A

Clinical

133
Q

____work with persons who suffer from motivational and emotional problems.

A

Counselling/consulting psychologists

134
Q

____psychologist may be involved in vocational rehabilitation programmes, or helping persons in making professional choices or in adjusting to new and difficult situations of life

A

Counselling

135
Q

_____psychologists work for public agencies such as mental health centers, hospitals, schools, colleges and universities

A

Counselling

136
Q

_____psychologists focus on problems related to community mental health

A

Community

137
Q

____psychologists work for mental health agencies, private organisations and state governments

A

Community

138
Q

In ____ areas community psychologists may work to establish a mental health center

A

Rural

139
Q

In ____ areas community psychologists may desgin a drug rehabilitation programme

A

Urban

140
Q

____psychologists also work with the elderly, physically or mentally challenged

A

Community

141
Q

______ rehabilitation is of major interest to community psychologists

A

Community based rehabilitation (CBR)

142
Q

______ psychologists work in educational systems and their roles vary according to their levels of training

A

School

143
Q

_____psychologists help in the formation of school policies

A

School

144
Q

some organisational psychologists speacialise in HRD while others in ____ and ____

A

Organisational development and change management programme

145
Q

Very often some of us think very highly of ourselves and any feedback that contradicts our opinion about ourselves is rejected because we engage in what is called a _______

A

Defensive behaviour

Psychology (3 decks)

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