The Bases of Human Behaviour Flashcards
1
Q
most developed organisms among all creatures on this Earth
A
Homo-sapiens aka humans
2
Q
What makes humans different from other species?
A
- ability to walk upright
- larger brain size (relative to body weight)
- proportion of specialised brain tissues
3
Q
The uniqueness of individuals results from the interaction of their ________ and ____
A
genetic endowments and environmental demands
4
Q
Biologists believe that species have evolved into their _____ from their _____
A
present forms, pre-existing forms
5
Q
Characteristics of modern human beings developed some 200000 years ago as a result of their___
A
continuous interaction with their environment
6
Q
____ refers to gradual and orderly biological changes that result in a species from their pre-existing forms in response to the changing adaptational demands of their environment
A
Evolution
7
Q
__________ and ____changes that occur due to the evolutionary process are so slow that they become visible after hundreds of generations
A
physiological, behavioural
8
Q
Evolution occurs through the process of _____
A
Natural selection
9
Q
When repeated generation after generation natural selection leads to the ____ of new species that are more effectively adapted to their particular environment
A
evolution
10
Q
3 imp features of modern human beings that differentiate them from their ancestors
A
(i) a bigger and developed brain with increased capacity for cognitive behaviours (like perception, memory, reasoning etc)
(ii) ability to walk upright on 2 legs
(iii) a free hand with a workable opposing thumb
11
Q
Our behaviours are ____ and more developed than those of other species because we have got a large and _____ brain
A
highly complex, highly developed
12
Q
what are the 2 evidences for human brain development?
A
(i) the weight of the brain =2.35% of total body weight
i. e, highest among all species (elephant=0.2%)
(ii) human cerebrum is more evolved than other parts of brain
13
Q
___lead to biological and behavioural changes over a long period of time
A
Environmental demands
14
Q
An important determinant of our behaviour is the _______ that we have inherited from our ancestors in the form of developed body and brain
A
Biological structures
15
Q
Many children develop mental retardation and other abnormal symptoms due to transmission of a ____ from the parents
A
Faulty gene
16
Q
____is the basic unit of a nervous system
A
Neuron
17
Q
______are specialised cells, which possess the unique property of converting various forms of stimuli into electrical impulses
A
Neuron
18
Q
____are specialised for reception, conduction and transmission of information in the form of electrochemical signals
A
Neurons
19
Q
Neurons receive information from ____ or from other adjacent neurons, carry them to the _________ and bring _____ from the central nervous system to the ____
A
sense organs, central nervous system(brain and spinal cord), motor information, motor organs (muscles and glands)
20
Q
_________ number of neurons are found in the nervous system
A
12 billion
21
Q
what are the 3 fundamental components of neuron?
A
Soma, axon, dendrite
22
Q
The ___ or ____ is the main body of the nerve cell
A
Soma , cell body
23
Q
the soma contains the __ of the cell as well as other structures common to living cell of all types
A
Nucleus
24
Q
The genetic material of the neuron is stored inside the ____ and it becomes actively engaged during ____ and ____
A
Nucleus, cell reproduction and protein synthesis
25
The soma also contains most of the ____ of the neuron
cytoplam(cell-fluid)
26
______are the branch like specialised structures emanating from the soma
dendrites
27
________are the receiving ends of a neuron
dendrites
28
_______function is to receive the incoming neural impulses from adjacent neurons or directly from the sense organs.
dendrites
29
on dendrites are found _____ which become active when a signal arrives in electrochemical or biochemical form
specialised receptors
30
the signals received by the speacialised receptors are passed on to ____ and then to ____ so that information is relayed to another neuron or muscles
soma, axon
31
The axon conducts information along it's length which can be _____ in the spinal cord and _____ in the brain
Several feet, less than a millimeter
32
At the ______ the axon branches out into small structures called _____
terminal point, terminal buttons
33
________have the capability for transmitting information to another neuron, gland and muscle
terminal buttons
34
neurons generally conduct information in one direction, from the ____ through ____and _______to ____
dendrites, soma, axon, terminal buttons
35
conduction of information from one place to another in the nervous system is done through nerves which are bundles of ____
axons
36
2 types of nerves are
sensory nerves(afferent) and motor nerves(efferent)
37
______nerves carry information from sense organs to central nervous system
sensory(afferent)
38
______nerves carry information from central nervous system to muscles/glands
motor(efferent)
39
A ___nerve conducts neural commands which direct, control and regulates our movements and other responses
motor
40
information travels within the nervous system in the form of a ___
nerve impulse
41
_______is a sudden change in the electrical potential of the surface of a neuron
nerve potential
42
The strength of the nerve impulse does not depend on the strength of the stimulus that started the impulse. true or false
true
43
Nerve fibres work according to the ______
all or none principle.
- which means they either respond completely or do not respond at all
- strength of the nerve impulse remains constant along the nerve fiber
44
Information is transmitted from one place to another within the nervous system in form of a ______
Neural/nerve impulse
45
A single neuron can carry a neural impulse up to a distance covered by _________
the length of its axon
46
When a neural impulse is to be conducted to a distant part of the body, a ______ participate in the process.
number of neurons (one neuron faithfully relays the information to a neighbouring neuron)
47
The ____Tip of a preceding neuron makes functional connections or ___with dendrites of the other neuron
axon, synapse
48
A neuron is never physically connected with another neuron; rather there is a small gap between the two known as _____
synaptic cleft
49
the neural impulse from one neuron is transmitted by a _________ process to another neuron
complex synaptic transmission
50
The conduction of neural impulse in the axon is _____ while the nature of synaptic transmission is____
electrochemical, chemical (the chemical substances are known as neurotransmitters)
51
Our _____ structures play an important role in organisation and execution of behaviour
biological
52
the _______system and ____system work together in giving a shape to human behaviour and experience
nervous, endocrine
53
______nervous system is the most complex and most developed among all living creatures
human
54
The nervous system functions as a ____
(a) whole
(b) part
(c) depends
(a)whole
55
Based on location the 2 division of nervous system are
CNS, PNS
56
The part of the nervous system found inside the hard bony cases is ____
CNS
| -brain and spinal cord are the organs of this system
57
the parts of the nervous system other than CNS are placed in the _____
PNS
58
PNS can be classified into
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
59
_______nervous system is concerned with voluntary actions and ______nervous system is concerned with involuntary actions
somatic(control of skeletal muscles)
| autonomic (control of internal organs)
60
The ____ is composed of all the neurons and nerve fibres that connect the ___ to the rest of the body
PNS, CNS
61
The autonomic nervous system is further divided into _____ and _____systems
sympathetic, parasympathetic
62
The _____ provides information to the ___ from sensory receptors and relays back motor commands from the brain to the muscles and glands
PNS, CNS
63
The somatic nervous system consists of two types of nerves; _______ and ______
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
64
There are ______sets of cranial nerves which either emanate from or reach different locations of the brain
12
65
There are 3 types of cranial nerves
sensory, motor, mixed
66
_____nerves collect sensory information from receptors of the head region and carry them to the brain
Sensory
67
The ____nerves carry motor impulses originating from brain to muscles of the head region
Motor
68
Movements of the eyeballs are controlled by _____nerves
motor cranial
69
___nerves have both sensory and motor fibres, which conduct sensory and motor information to and from the brain
Mixed
70
There are ____sets of spinal nerves coming out of or reaching to the spinal cord.
31 (each set has sensory and motor nerves)
71
The ____fibers of the spinal nerves collect sensory information from all over the body (except the head region) and send them to the spinal cord from where they are then carried out to the brain
Sensory
72
____impulses coming from the brain are sent to the muscles by the ___fibres of the spinal nerves
motor, motor
73
which nervous system controls internal functions such as breathing, blood circulation, salivation, stomach contraction etc
Autonomic (these activites are under the control of different structures of the brain_
74
In parasympathetic and sympathetic division, the effect of one division is opposite to the effect of the other. But both work together to maintain a state of equilibrium. true or false
true
75
The _____division of the autonomic nervous system deals with emergency situations (fight or flight)
Sympathetic
76
The ____division of the autonomic nervous system is concerned with conservation of energy
Parasympathetic
77
The _____division monitors the routine functions of the internal system of the body
Parasympathetic
78
The _______nervous system is the central of all neural activity
central
(it integrates all incoming sensory information, performs all kinds of cognitive activities, issues motor commands to muscles and glands)
79
The CNS comprises of ___ and__
brain and spinal cord
80
The ____, ______ and ______ are the oldest structures of the brain
Th limbic system, brain stem, cerebellum
81
The _____ is the latest development in the course of evolution
cerebral cortex
82
An adult brain weighs around ___and contains around _____neurons
1.36kg, 100 billion
83
The most amazing thing about the brain is its number of neurons. true or false
false, it is its ability to guide human behaviour and thought
84
the brain is divided into 3 parts-___,_____,_____
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
85
The hindbrain consists of
medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum
86
lowest part of the brain that exists in continuation of the spinal cord
medulla oblongata
87
Why is medulla known as the vital centre of the brain?
because it contains neural centres which regulate basic life supporting activities like breathing, heart rate and blood pressure
88
______part of the hindbrain is involved in sleep mechanism
pons
89
_____is the highly developed part of the hindbrain and can be easily recognised by i's wrinkled surface
Cerebellum
90
____part of the hindbrain maintains and controls posture and equilibrium of the body
cerebellum
91
what is the main function of cerebellum?
co-ordination of muscular movements
92
which part of the midbrain is responsible for our arousal?
reticular activating system (RAS)
- makes us alert and active by regulating sensory inputs
- helps us in selecting information from environment
93
_____part of the brain is considered to be the most important as it performs all cognitive, emotional and motor activities
Forebrain
94
the four major parts of the forebrain are
hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic system and cerebrum
95
______ is one of the smallest structures of the brain but plays a vital role in behaviour
hypothalamus
96
___part of the forebrain regulates physiological processes involved in emotional and motivational behaviour such as eating, drinking, arousal etc..
hypothalamus
| -also control the internal environment of the body (bp, temp etc)
97
_____consists of an egg shaped cluster of neurons situated on the ventral (upper) side of the hypothalamus
thalamus
98
which part of the fore brain is compared to a relay station?
thalamus
-as it receives all incoming sensory signals from sense organs and send them to appropriate parts of the cortex for processing
99
____system of the forebrain is composed of a group of structures that form part of the old mammalian brain
limbic system
100
the limbic system comprises of the _____And ___
hippocampus and amygdala
101
_____pays an imp role in long term memory (limbic system)
hippocampus
102
______plays an imp role in emotional behaviour (limbic system)
amygdala
103
________of forebrain regulates all higher level cognitive functions
cerebrum/cerebral cortex
104
the cerebrum makes____ of the total mass of the human brain. it's thickness varies from ___ to ___ which covers the entire surface of the brain and contains neurons, neural nets and bundles of axons
two-thirds, 1.5mm to 4mm
105
There cerebrum is divided into 2 _____halves, called the _______ hemispheres. Although the 2 hemispheres appear identical, functionally one hemisphere usually ______ the other
symmetrical
cerebral (right and left hemisphere)
dominates
106
____hemisphere usually controls language and behaviour
left
107
___hemisphere is usually specialised to deal with images, spatial relationships, pattern recognition
right
108
the right and left hemispheres of the brain are connected by a white bundle of myelinated fibres called _____ that carries messages back and forth between the hemispheres
corpus callosum
109
the 4 lobes of cerebral cortex are
frontal-cognitive functions
parietal-cutaneous sensations and their co-ordination
with visual and auditory sensations
temporal-auditory information. understanding of speech
and written info
occipital-visual information
110
no activity of the brain is performed only by a single part of the cortex . true or false
true
111
if you are driving the car, you see the road and other vehicles by the function of your ______ lobe, hear the horns by the function of your _____ lobe, do many motor activities controlled by the _____lobe and make decisions by the help of _____lobe
occipital
temporal
parietal
frontal
112
The _____ is a long rope-like collection of nerve fibers, which run along the full length inside the spine
spinal cord
- one end is connected to medulla and another is free at the tail end
- structure all along its length is similar
113
the butterfly shaped mass of grey matter present in the centre of the spinal cord contains _____ and other cells
association neurons
114
surrounding the grey matter in the spinal cord in the white matter i.e, composed of the _____ and ____ neural tracts
ascending and descending
| these tracts connect the brain with the rest of the body
115
what are the 2 main functions of the spinal cord?
(i) carries sensory impulses coming from the lower parts of the brain and motor impulses originating from brain to all over the body
(ii) it performs simple reflexes that does not involve the brain
116
simple reflexes involve ____nerve, a___nerve and the _______ of the grey matter of the spinal cord
sensory, motor association neurons
117
a _____ is an involuntary action that occurs very quickly after its specific kind of simulation
reflex
118
why are endocrine glands called ductless glands ?
because they do not have any duct to send their secretions to specific places
119
hormones are circulated by the ____
bloodstream
120
the endocrine system works in conjunction with different parts of the _____system. the whole system is thus known as _________system
nervous. neuroendocrine
121
The pituitary gland is divide into
```
anterior pituitary (directly connected with hypothalamus and regulates its hormonal secretions)
and posterior pituitary
```
122
why is the pituitary gland called 'master gland'?
the pituitary gland secretes the growth hormone and many other hormones which direct and regulate the secretions of many other endocrine glands found in our body
123
growth hormone is released through childhood, with some spurt during adolescence but gonadotrophic hormones are secreted at the age of puberty, which stimulates the secretion of appropriate sex hormones among boys and girls. true or false
true
124
____gland is located in the neck and produces ___ that influences the body's metabolic rate
Thyroid
| Thyroxin
125
underproduction of thyroxin leads to ___ and ___
physical and psychological lethargy
126
the ______gland is located above each kidney
adrenal
127
the adrenal cortex secretes a group hormone called _
corticoids
- utilised for physiological purposes by the body (regulating minerals )
- any disturbance in its function seriously affects the functions of the nervous system
128
adrenal medulla secretes 2 hormones namely___ and_____
epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine(noradrenaline)
-sympathetic activation take place through the secretion of these 2 hormones
129
epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate the ____, which prolongs emotions in an individual even when the stressor has been removed
hypothalamus
130
Pancreas secrete____
insulin
| -when not secrete in proper amt you get diabetes
131
__helps the liver to break down glucose for use by the body or for storage as _____ by the liver
insulin, glycogen
132
Gonads refer to ____ in males and ___in females
testes, ovaries
| -the hormones secreted by these regulate sexual behaviours and reproductive functions
133
secretion of hormones of gonads is initiated, maintained and regulated by a hormone called
gonadotrophic hormone
- secreted by the anterior pituitary
- starts at age of puberty
134
ovaries in females produce __ and ___
estrogen and
| progesterone (no role in sexual development)
135
______guide the sexual development of the female body
Estrogen
-primary(ovulation) and secondary sexual characteristics(widened pelvis, rounded body contours physical stuff) depends on this
136
____ hormone is related with preparation of uterus for the possible reception of fertilised ovum
progesterone
137
there is no cyclic pattern in males for hormonal system. true or false
true (they dont get periods luv)
138
_____in males produce sperms continuously and secrete male sex hormones called ___
Testes, androgens
139
major androgen is _____
testosterone
140
___hormone promotes secondary sexual characteristics (physical changes and increase in sexually oriented behaviour)
testosterone
| -increased aggression and other behaviours are also linked with testosterone production
141
without a balanced secretion of hormones, the body would be unable to maintain a state of ____
internal equilibrium
142
The study of the inheritance of physical and psychological characteristics from ancestors is referred to as ____
genetics
143
_______is a tiny cell with a nucleus in its centre containing chromosomes
zygote (mums ovum fertilised by dads sperms)
144
_____are thread-like paired structures in the nucleus of each cell
chromosomes
145
the number of chromosomes per nucleus is ____ and is ______for each living organism
distinctive and constant
146
gametic cells(sperm and ovum) have ___chromosomes
23(not in pairs)
| -new generation after fusion of sperm cell and egg cell
147
at the time of conception the organism inherits ___chromosomes from parents __from mother and __from father
46, 23,23
148
each chromosome contains thousands of ____
genes
149
the 23rd chromosome(sex chromosome) of the father differs from the mother. true or false
true (f-XY, M-XX)
150
chromosomes are composed mainly of a substance called
DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid
our genes are composed chiefly of dna molecules
151
the observable traits of an organism are called ___
phenotype (body built, strength, intelligence, other behavioural traits etc)
152
the traits which can be passed on to the offspring through genetic material is called
genotype
153
All biological and psychological characteristics that a modern man possesses are the result of ___inheritance with _____variations
genotype phenotypical
154
change of a gene from one form to another is called ___
mutation
155
____ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language not generally understood by neighbouring people
Society
156
______shapes human behaviour from society to society
Culture
157
_____is all learning that takes place without direct deliberate teaching
Enculturation
158
________is the process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.
cultural transmission
159
all learning that occurs in human life because of its availability in our socio-cultural context ____
enculturation
160
_____is a process by which individuals acquire knowledge, skills and dispositions which enable them to participate as effective members of groups and society
Socialisation
161
any one that possess power relative to us can socialise us. such people are called___
```
socialisation agents (parents and family members are most imp teachers and other elders)
under certain conditions even our peers can affect our socialisation
```
162
______ and ____serve as basic means for achieving the goals of socialisation
reward, punishment
163
socialisation is unidirectional. true or false
false. not unid. individuals are not only influenced by their social environment but they also influence it
164
with increased migration, individuals are not only socialised once but are often re-socialised differently in their lifespan. this is known as ___
acculturation
165
studies indicate that parenting styles vary enormously in terms of their ____ and ____
degree of acceptance and degree of control
166
cultural and psychological changes resulting from contact with other cultures
Acculturation
| -course of acculturative change is multidirectional
167
Acculturation at the subjective level is changes that are often reflected in people's attitudes towards change; they are referred to as
acculturation attitudes
168
acculturation objectively are the changes reflected in people's day to day behaviour and activities
acculturation strategies
169
______argued that there are 2 imp issues that all acculturating individuals and groups face
(i) degree to which there is a desire to maintain one's culture and identity
(ii) degree to which there is a desire to engage in daily interactions with members of other cultural groups
John Berry
170
while _____write the script of biological transmissions, ___write the script of cultural transmissions
genes and memes
