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Psychology > Methods of Enquiry in Psychology > Flashcards

Methods of Enquiry in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

goals of psychological enquiry

A

description, prediction, explanation, control and application

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2
Q

conditions that lead to a particular behaviour is known as

A

antecedent conditions

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3
Q

control refers to three things-

A

making a particular behaviour happen, redcucing or enhancing it

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4
Q

_____refers to the fact that if two or more persons independently study a particular event, both of them to a great extent should arrive at the same conclusion

A

objectivity

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5
Q

steps in conducting scientific enquiry

A

(i) conceptualising a problem (selecting topic for study)
(ii) collecting data
(iii) drawing conclusions (using stats methods-pie-chart,cf etc))
(iv) revising research conclusions (restating existing hypothesis/formulating revised or a new theory)

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6
Q

Collection of data requires:___

A

(i) participants/informants in the study
(ii) methods of data collection (observation/correlation/case studyetc)
(iii) tools to be used in research (questionnaire/interview schedule etc)
(iv) procedure for data collection (individual/group)

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7
Q

data are independent. t or f

A

false. non-independent

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8
Q

ecological conditions, mode of economy, housing conditions, size of rooms, mode of transportation etc.. are what kind of info?

A

Physical

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9
Q

height, weight, heart rate, level of fatigue are what kind of info?

A

Physiological

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10
Q

intelligence, personality, values, emotions are what kind of info?

A

Psychological

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11
Q

__when psychologists select a particular behaviour for observation

A

selection

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12
Q

scientific observation steps

A

selection
recording
analysis of data

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13
Q

when observations are done in a natural or real life settings ___

A

naturalistic observation

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14
Q

an observation in which observer makes no effort to control or manipulate the situation making an observation

A

naturalistic

-however the factors that are not a focus of the study are many a times controlled

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15
Q

most studies in psychology are conducted in laboratory settings this is known as ___

A

controlled laboratory observation

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16
Q

danger of non-participant observation

A

an outsider observing participants may create a change in their behaviour

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17
Q

demerits of observation method

A

labour intensive
time consuming
susceptible to the observer’s bias

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18
Q

experiments are generally conducted to establish a ______ between 2 sets of events or variables in a ____setting

A

cause-effect relationship

controlled

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19
Q

In an experiment ___is the event being changed/manipulated and _____ is the behaviour that changes because of the manipulation

A

cause, effect

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20
Q

any stimulus or event that varies, takes on different values and can be measured is a _____

A

variable

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21
Q

an object by itself is not a variable but its ___ are

A

attributes

22
Q

major types of variables

A
  • organismic variables (such as anxiety, intelligence, personality etc)
  • situational/environmental variables (noise, temp, humidity)
  • sequential variables (testing participants in several conditions)
23
Q

to control situational/environmental variables ___method is used

A

eliminiation

24
Q

to control organismic variable ___method is used

A

matching (relevant variables in the two groups are equated or are held constant by taking matched pairs across conditions of the environment

25
Q

to minimise sequence effect

A

counter-balancing technique (similar to diff sets in an exam. qns can be diff order)

26
Q

demerits of laboratory method

A
  • low external validity (do not generalise well)
  • not always feasible
  • difficult to know and control all the relevant variables
27
Q

when you want to study the effect of an earthquake on children who lost their parents

A

quasi experiment (independent varibale is selected and not manipulated)

28
Q

the strength and direction of the relationship between 2 variables is represented by a number known as

A

correlation coefficient (value ranges from +1 to -1)

29
Q

types of correlation

A

positive (ranging from 1 to 0)
negative (ranging from 0 and -1)
zero/no(close to 0 i.e, 0.2,-0.2 etc)-no significant relatinship between 2 variables

30
Q

most frequently used methods for obtaining information from people

A

personal interview

31
Q

______is a purposeful activity conducted to derive factual info, opinions and attitudes etc.. from respondents

A

Interview

32
Q

2 types of interviews

A

structured/standardised (qns in int.schedule are written in a clear sequence) (barely any change can be made no liberty)-close ended sometimes
unstructured/non-standardised (interviewer has flexibilty to ask in any order, change qns etc)-open ended

33
Q

a list of qns prepared for an interview beforehand is known as an

A

interview schedule

34
Q

highly structured interviews

A

questionnaire

35
Q

a psychological test is a ____and _____instrument which is used to assess an individual’s standing in relation to others on some mental or behavioural characteristics

A

standardised and objective

36
Q

the construction of a test involves ______, ___ and ___

A

reliability, validity and norms

37
Q

_____of the test refers to the consistency of scores obtained by an individual on the same test on different occasions

A

reliability

38
Q

test-retest reliability (stability of an expmt over time) aka_______

A

temporal stability

39
Q

____reliabilty gives an indication of the degree of internal consistency of the test

A

split-half

40
Q

“does a test measure what it claims to measure”

A

validity

41
Q

normal/avrg performance of a group

A

Norm-helps in comparing and interpreting

42
Q

literacy is required for __tests

A

verbal

43
Q

___tests pictures or symbols are shown and does not require literacy

A

non-verbal

44
Q

___test require movement of objects from their respective places in a particular order

A

performance

45
Q

depending upon language psychological tests are classified into

A

verbal, non-verbal, performance

46
Q

depending upon mode of administration psychological tests are classified into

A

individual(one person under surveillance at a time-time consuming) or group (large number of people)

47
Q

depending upon difficulty level psychological tests are classified into

A

speed(evaluate on basis of time limit and all qns are of same difficulty) and power (sufficient time but increasing order of difficulty)

48
Q

difficult to construct a pure speed or power test. t or f

A

true

49
Q

limitations of psychological enquiry

A
  • lack of true 0 point
  • relative nature of psychological tools
  • subjective interpretation of qualitative data
50
Q

important aspects of ethical principles while conducting studies are

A
  • voluntary participation
  • informed consent
  • debriefing
  • sharing the results of the study
  • confidentiality of data source
51
Q

the focus of ___research is to inform about the existing reality

A

survey

52
Q

methods used in qualitative research are

A

(i) narrative method

(ii) method of content analysis

Psychology (3 decks)

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