Methods of Enquiry in Psychology

Question 1

goals of psychological enquiry

Answer 1

description, prediction, explanation, control and application

Question 2

conditions that lead to a particular behaviour is known as

Answer 2

antecedent conditions

Question 3

control refers to three things-

Answer 3

making a particular behaviour happen, redcucing or enhancing it

Question 4

_____refers to the fact that if two or more persons independently study a particular event, both of them to a great extent should arrive at the same conclusion

Answer 4

objectivity

Question 5

steps in conducting scientific enquiry

Answer 5

(i) conceptualising a problem (selecting topic for study)
(ii) collecting data
(iii) drawing conclusions (using stats methods-pie-chart,cf etc))
(iv) revising research conclusions (restating existing hypothesis/formulating revised or a new theory)

Question 6

Collection of data requires:___

Answer 6

(i) participants/informants in the study
(ii) methods of data collection (observation/correlation/case studyetc)
(iii) tools to be used in research (questionnaire/interview schedule etc)
(iv) procedure for data collection (individual/group)

Question 7

data are independent. t or f

Answer 7

false. non-independent

Question 8

ecological conditions, mode of economy, housing conditions, size of rooms, mode of transportation etc.. are what kind of info?

Answer 8

Physical

Question 9

height, weight, heart rate, level of fatigue are what kind of info?

Answer 9

Physiological

Question 10

intelligence, personality, values, emotions are what kind of info?

Answer 10

Psychological

Question 11

__when psychologists select a particular behaviour for observation

Answer 11

selection

Question 12

scientific observation steps

Answer 12

selection
recording
analysis of data

Question 13

when observations are done in a natural or real life settings ___

Answer 13

naturalistic observation

Question 14

an observation in which observer makes no effort to control or manipulate the situation making an observation

Answer 14

naturalistic

-however the factors that are not a focus of the study are many a times controlled

Question 15

most studies in psychology are conducted in laboratory settings this is known as ___

Answer 15

controlled laboratory observation

Question 16

danger of non-participant observation

Answer 16

an outsider observing participants may create a change in their behaviour

Question 17

demerits of observation method

Answer 17

labour intensive
time consuming
susceptible to the observer’s bias

Question 18

experiments are generally conducted to establish a ______ between 2 sets of events or variables in a ____setting

Answer 18

cause-effect relationship

controlled

Question 19

In an experiment ___is the event being changed/manipulated and _____ is the behaviour that changes because of the manipulation

Answer 19

cause, effect

Question 20

any stimulus or event that varies, takes on different values and can be measured is a _____

Answer 20

variable

Question 21

an object by itself is not a variable but its ___ are

Answer 21

attributes

Question 22

major types of variables

Answer 22

• organismic variables (such as anxiety, intelligence, personality etc)
• situational/environmental variables (noise, temp, humidity)
• sequential variables (testing participants in several conditions)

Question 23

to control situational/environmental variables ___method is used

Answer 23

eliminiation

Question 24

to control organismic variable ___method is used

Answer 24

matching (relevant variables in the two groups are equated or are held constant by taking matched pairs across conditions of the environment

Question 25

to minimise sequence effect

Answer 25

counter-balancing technique (similar to diff sets in an exam. qns can be diff order)

Question 26

demerits of laboratory method

Answer 26

- low external validity (do not generalise well) - not always feasible - difficult to know and control all the relevant variables

Question 27

when you want to study the effect of an earthquake on children who lost their parents

Answer 27

quasi experiment (independent varibale is selected and not manipulated)

Question 28

the strength and direction of the relationship between 2 variables is represented by a number known as

Answer 28

correlation coefficient (value ranges from +1 to -1)

Question 29

types of correlation

Answer 29

positive (ranging from 1 to 0) negative (ranging from 0 and -1) zero/no(close to 0 i.e, 0.2,-0.2 etc)-no significant relatinship between 2 variables

Question 30

most frequently used methods for obtaining information from people

Answer 30

personal interview

Question 31

______is a purposeful activity conducted to derive factual info, opinions and attitudes etc.. from respondents

Answer 31

Interview

Question 32

2 types of interviews

Answer 32

structured/standardised (qns in int.schedule are written in a clear sequence) (barely any change can be made no liberty)-close ended sometimes unstructured/non-standardised (interviewer has flexibilty to ask in any order, change qns etc)-open ended

Question 33

a list of qns prepared for an interview beforehand is known as an

Answer 33

interview schedule

Question 34

highly structured interviews

Answer 34

questionnaire

Question 35

a psychological test is a ____and _____instrument which is used to assess an individual's standing in relation to others on some mental or behavioural characteristics

Answer 35

standardised and objective

Question 36

the construction of a test involves ______, ___ and ___

Answer 36

reliability, validity and norms

Question 37

_____of the test refers to the consistency of scores obtained by an individual on the same test on different occasions

Answer 37

reliability

Question 38

test-retest reliability (stability of an expmt over time) aka_______

Answer 38

temporal stability

Question 39

____reliabilty gives an indication of the degree of internal consistency of the test

Answer 39

split-half

Question 40

"does a test measure what it claims to measure"

Answer 40

validity

Question 41

normal/avrg performance of a group

Answer 41

Norm-helps in comparing and interpreting

Question 42

literacy is required for __tests

Answer 42

verbal

Question 43

___tests pictures or symbols are shown and does not require literacy

Answer 43

non-verbal

Question 44

___test require movement of objects from their respective places in a particular order

Answer 44

performance

Question 45

depending upon language psychological tests are classified into

Answer 45

verbal, non-verbal, performance

Question 46

depending upon mode of administration psychological tests are classified into

Answer 46

individual(one person under surveillance at a time-time consuming) or group (large number of people)

Question 47

depending upon difficulty level psychological tests are classified into

Answer 47

speed(evaluate on basis of time limit and all qns are of same difficulty) and power (sufficient time but increasing order of difficulty)

Question 48

difficult to construct a pure speed or power test. t or f

Answer 48

true

Question 49

limitations of psychological enquiry

Answer 49

- lack of true 0 point - relative nature of psychological tools - subjective interpretation of qualitative data

Question 50

important aspects of ethical principles while conducting studies are

Answer 50

- voluntary participation - informed consent - debriefing - sharing the results of the study - confidentiality of data source

Question 51

the focus of ___research is to inform about the existing reality

Answer 51

survey

Question 52

methods used in qualitative research are

Answer 52

(i) narrative method | (ii) method of content analysis