What is LIfe?, Carbon, Water

Question 1

The properties of life include, ____/_____, ____ utilization and _____ (metabolism), maintenance of internal _____, ___, growth, and _____, response to the _____, and ____ adaptation

Answer 1

order, organization, energy, production, constancy, reproduction, environment, evolutionary

Question 2

biochemical reactions that acquire and use energy

Answer 2

metabolism

Question 3

most things are directly or indirectly dependent on energy from the ___

Answer 3

sun

Question 4

Ability of an organism to maintain its internal environment despite conditions in the external environment (e.g. human body temperature)

Answer 4

homeostasis

Question 5

involves a single parent, offspring are genetically identical to the parent

Answer 5

asexual reproduction

Question 6

involves two parents, offspring are genetically diverse

Answer 6

sexual reproduction

Question 7

Any population of a species tends to produce far more _____ than the environment can support. The overproduction leads to struggle for ____ among individuals. Because all individuals of any population are slightly different from one another in many ____ traits, some possess traits that allow them to better ____ for resources. In any environment, heritable traits that enhance survival and successful _____ will become progressively more ___ in the following generations

Answer 7

offspring, survival, heritable, compete, reproduction, common

Question 8

The E coli long term evolution experiment showed that mean ____ increased rapidly at first, then ____ off. In a generation of about ____, one population adapted to use a new _____ ____, resulting in a population boom.

Answer 8

fitness, leveled, 31000, food source

Question 9

“A self-sustaining chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution”

Answer 9

NASA’s definition of life

Question 10

In searching for life, we need to know the _____ ____ for it. However, our limited knowledge is based on the only reference system available: ____.

Answer 10

ecological necessities, earth

Question 11

life as we know it, requires ___ ___ such as organic molecules based on C and H, ___ like N, P, S and Fe, a source of ____ (food), the presence of a ____ (e.g. water), and suitable ____ conditions.

Answer 11

building blocks, nutrients, energy, solvent, environmental

Question 12

The elements that are abundant on earth are ____, ____ and ____

Answer 12

aluminum, silicon, oxygen

Question 13

in our bodies, ___, ___ and ___ are the most abundant elements. Thus, the element distribution of humans are closer to that of ___ than that of the earth

Answer 13

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, stars

Question 14

Although atomic shell structure is determined by ____ alone, the filling order depends on the ___ between the particles. If there were no force among the electrons, the shells would fill ___ ___ ____. With the force between the electrons, the pattern shifts

Answer 14

symmetry, force, one by one

Question 15

Occasionally, electrons can move from the ____ shell to the ___ shell to participate in bonding, for ____

Answer 15

inner, outer, stability

Question 16

Hydrogen bonds are _____ bonds between ____ molecules, where the ____ part of a molecule is attracted to the opposite charged part of another molecule. Hydrogen bondng between water molecules makes the ___ ___ higher than it would otherwise be

Answer 16

weak, polar, charged, boiling point

Question 17

Carbon is the first atom with ___ electrons in its outermost shell. Because these shells are close to the nucleus, carbon would rather ___ electrons (___ bonding) rather than give them up.

Answer 17

4, share, covalent

Question 18

carbon has compounds with any element except for ___, __- and ___. Carbon bonds with ____ and the common elements ___, ___ and ____. It can also form ___, ___ and ____ bonds, which allows for chains of ____ and _____. The fact that it can form up to __ chemical bonds with many other elements including itself is important, because. C-C bonds are ____ and this allows for greater ___ ____. Moreover, carbon can form compounds that readily ___ in water

Answer 18

Rn, He, Ne, single, double, triple, monomers, polymers, 4, strong, 3D geometry, dissolve

Question 19

a molecule with a large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected with covalent chemical bonds
Ex. plastics, proteins, DNA

Answer 19

polymer

Question 20

Organic carbon includes carbons with ___ and ____ bonds, such as __ and ethanol

Answer 20

C-C, C-H, glucose

Question 21

inorganic carbon includes carbons with ____ bonds only such as___ and H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Answer 21

C-O, CO2

Question 22

Lipids are poorly _____, and a good (concentrated) ____ ____ source, as chains of ___ and __- can be broken down easily for energy. They are also ____, and are the main structural component of ____ ____, due to their ___ and ____ ends. They can also be made into ____. Some examples are ____ ___, and ____

Answer 22

soluble, energy storage, C, H, flexible, cell membranes, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, vesicles, fatty acids, cholesterol

Question 23

Carbohydrates such as ___ and _____ have the general form _____. Thy are considered a sort of ____ ___ even though the arrangement of atoms in carbohydrates has little to do with water molecules. They are ____ in water, and a good ___ ____. it provides _____ support for organisms such as ______. Because they have many ___ they can make rings and _____

Answer 23

glucose, fructose, (CH2O)n, hydrated carbon, soluble, energy source, structural, cellulose, isomers, polymerize

Question 24

hundreds of amino acids are known in nature, but only ___ are used in proteins. Amino acids are distinguished by their different ___ _____. Biological amino acids are only _____

Answer 24

20, side chains, left-handed

Question 25

proteins are the basic ____ _____ of all cells. They are chains of ___ ____ that fold into unique 3D structures. Some provide ____ for muscle cartilage, fingernails and ____, some are ____ that catalyze chemical reactions. They have a unique capacity to bind to other molecules and _____ them. Amino acids are made into proteins through linkage by a ______ reaction (_____ bond)

Answer 25

building blocks, amino acids, structure, enzymes, transport, dehydration, peptide

Question 26

substances that alter the rate of a chemical reaction, usually by lowering the activation energy, but are chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction

Answer 26

catalyst

Question 27

Complex, organic macromolecules composed of long chains of molecules known as nucleotides that convey genetic information

Answer 27

nucleic acids

Question 28

Nucleotides are composed of a 5 carbon ____ molecule, one or more ____ groups (ionized phosphoric acid), and a ______ containing base. The 3 components are joined by two _____ reactions, one between the sugar and phosphate, and one between the sugar and nitrogenous base.

Answer 28

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen, dehydration

Question 29

In any living system, water dissolves ___ _____, ____ chemicals in and out of the cells, and directly participates in _____ reactions, such as photosynthesis

Answer 29

organic molecules, transports, metabolic

Question 30

____ compounds and organic molecules with ___ ___ bonds (hydrophilic) can dissolve in water. Organic molecules without these bonds do not dissolve in water and are called _____.

Answer 30

ionic, polar covalent, hydrophobic

Question 31

water is liquid over a ___ ___ of temperatures and within Earth’s surface temperature range. This allows water to stay liquid through _____ _____. Water is also liquid at ____ temperatures than other alternatives. This allows ______ ____ of chemical reactions, and keep it at a temperature not hot enough to break important ____ bonds

Answer 31

temperature changes, higher, faster rates, C

Question 32

____ and ____ control which phase of water is the dominant in a particularly planetary environment

Answer 32

temperature, pressure

Question 33

line along which two phases are in equilibrium

Answer 33

saturation (phase) curve

Question 34

To compare, the pressure on mars is much ____, thus any water is either ___ or turned into ___ ___ immediately.

Answer 34

lower, ice, water vapor

Question 35

it is not possible to get liquid water to be stable to with less than ____ atm.

Answer 35

0.006

Question 36

It is not possible for liquid CO2 at less than ____ atm pressure

Answer 36

5.11

Question 37

Ice is ____ dense than liquid water, which is why it floats. This ice crust acts as a blanket, decreasing _____ escape from the liquid water body below. This is why life survive ____. However, ice floating may ___ be a requirement for life

Answer 37

less, heat, glaciations, not

Question 38

water has a high _____ ____ _____. This promotes a stable ____ __ inside of organisms and also ____ temperatures. it also means organisms can better cope with ________ environmental temperature. This also implies a high ____ ___ during evaporation, and this process is used by multicellular organisms for ___ in high temperature regions

Answer 38

heat of vaporization, liquid phase, stabilizes, fluctuating, energy loss, cooling

Question 39

Si, while slightly ____, may be an alternative to carbon based life, as it can also form ___ bonds. However, Si bonds are much _____ resulting in more _____ complex molecules. It also does not form ____ bonds, giving less variety. meanwhile, ___ bonds form very stable molecules, which make it hard to break and _____. Additionally, ____, which is the predicted the product of respiration, is a ____ and more difficult to work with. Moreover, the susceptibility to chemical reactions is high as silicon is more _____, and has strongly polarized bonds with other _____.

Answer 39

bigger, 4, weaker, fragile, double, Si-O, manipulated, SIO2, solid, electropositive, nonmetals

Question 40

However, Si chemistry could be more favorable than C chemistry in certain environmental conditions, in particular where temperature is ____, and the liquid solvent is ____ or ____ instead of water

Answer 40

low, N, methane

Question 41

ammonia, might be an alternative solvent to water, as it is less _____, and molecules diffuse through it more ___, thus speeding up chemical reactions. However, it has a lower ___ ___ ______ than water, making it less able to accommodate temperature fluctuations.

Answer 41

viscous, quickly, heat of vaporization

Question 42

Ammonia is a liquid at ____ temperatures and has a smaller liquid temperature _____ at 1 atm. Thus it could be advantageous for a ____ planetary environment. Moreover, the liquid range can be increased by increasing _____. However, one caveat is that NH3 solutions of ___% or greater have pHs greater than ___

Answer 42

lower, range, cold, pressure, 1, 11

Question 43

Mixing water with _____ will suppress the __ ____ of water.

Answer 43

ammonia, freezing point