What Is Health Psych - Chappy 1

Question 1

W.H.O definition of health

Answer 1

“a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

Consider: health is more than the absence of sickness, and physical well-being, it includes social functioning and happiness

Question 2

Early culture beliefs about health

Define trephination

Answer 2

Supernatural - body’s health and spirit are inextricably bound (sorcery, object intrusion) + (losing one’s soul/possession)
Treatment linked 2 assumed cause (trephination - drilling hole into head to get rid of illness lol)

Question 3

Who in the halibut is Hippocrates? what’s his theory boo?

Answer 3

Hippocrates: humoral theory
Four fluids: blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm
Excess of humor = disease (tied 2 temperament or personality) : good diet, avoid excess

Question 4

Who in the halibut is Galen? most important discovery?

Answer 4

Galen: dissected some folks
Discoveries about brain/circulation system (kidneys)
Illness can be localized (specific parts of the body) - ex: yellow eyes before death is liver issues (signs and symptoms)
Diff disease = diff effects

Question 5

Three pinnacles of middle age treatment of health issues?

Answer 5

Pilgrimage, pentinence, torture (yay)

Question 6

Who in the halibut is Descartes? what does he know?

Answer 6

Body as machine (pain pathway)
Mind & body communicate through pineal gland
Soul leaves at death (allows for dissection)

Question 7

What killed people in north america between 17th-19th CE?

Answer 7

Died of dietary and infectious illness
Dietary - malnutrition (lack of vit B; berberi; scurvy)
Infectious = acute illness caused by bacteria or viruses (smallpox, cholera, diphtheria, measles, influenza)
High death rates among children/aboriginal communities - lack of natural immunity, limited immune function due to low genetic variation

Question 8

Tell me about tuberculosis and Montreal smallpox epidemic?

Answer 8

Tuberculosis (consumption)
1867 (confederation): greatest cause of death in Canada - by the end of 19th CE death rate declined by 60%
Cough up all the blood

Montreal smallpox epidemic
1885: 6000 deaths; 20 000 pp infected
Led 2 Quebec provincial health act + board of health

Question 9

Tell me about ALL the pathology, what are the results of the evolving views of diseases?

Hint: Gerald Ate Caramelized Tea
(what a weirdo)

Answer 9

Anatomical pathology
Change in organ/tissue directly linked 2 symptoms

Tissue pathology
Specific tissues could become diseased; others remain healthy (localized)

Cellular pathology
Life resided in cells (19th); unhealthy cells

Germ theory
Many diseases caused by microorganisms
Results: more antiseptics, prevention of infection (sanitation/hygiene), HC rep increased

Question 10

Why decline of acute illness?

Answer 10

Mandated vaccinations - large scale campaigns
Preventative measures
Improved person hygiene, better nutrition (physical resistance), public health innovations (water purification, sewage treatment)
Increased interest in health - people want to protect themselves

Question 11

Past life expectancy vs today?

Answer 11

1921 life expectancy = 59 M / 61 W

Today = 80 M / 84 W, replaced by high deaths by chronic illness (more likely to hit the old people than the young)

Question 12

What are the main killers (diseases)? what is no.1?

What contributes to the acquisition of these illnesses?

Answer 12

Cancer - smoking, high alc, obesity (no. 1 killer canada)
Heart disease - smoking, high BP, high cholst, obesity, lack of exercise
Stroke - smoking, high BP, high cholst, lack of exercise
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - smoking
Accidents - alc and drug abuse, no seatbelts

Question 13

Explain the results of Belloc & Breslow’s 1970’s study on the importance of lifestyle and health?
and longitudinally?

Answer 13

For all age grps, health was better as LS improved
Older people who followed all 7 were as healthy as those 30 yrs younger who engaged in few or none

Longitudinal
9.5 years later
For all age groups, dying decreased as health behaviors increased
More behaviors = more protective for older vs. younger - esp males

Question 14

What are the 7 aspects of a healthy lifestyle?

Answer 14

7-8 hrs sleep
Eat breakfast almost everyday 
Rarely eat between meals 
Appropriate weight for height 
Never smoke cigs 
Rarely/moderately drink alc
Regular vigorous exercise

Question 15

What are the 3 personality determinants of health, what are their effects?

Hint: not big 5

Answer 15

Low C - measured in childhood and adulthood, more likely to die at early ages
High posi affect - tend to live longer than counterparts
High anxiety, depression, hostility, pessimism - at risk of dev variety of diseases/dying earlier

Question 16

Who is Walter Canon (1932), why is he important?

Answer 16

sed newly discovered X-rays to study digestion - stomach movements affected by emotional state (knots when stressed)
Noticed that stress affects the auto NS: Fight or Flight response:
Increase in blood sugar level - large output of adrenaline (epinephrine), increase pulse, BP, respiratory rate, and amount of blood pumped to the skeletal muscles

Question 17

Biopsychosocial - what are the three main psych factors?

Answer 17

Cognition - mental activity that involved learning, thinking, interpreting, believing, problem solving, (ex: belief - life is not worth living w/out this thing, ex: interpretation - lactose intolerance is not that serious, I will wait and see)
Emotion - subjective feeling (fear, stress ect) that affect and are affected by thoughts, behaviour + physiology (ex: people who are positive = more positive about health behaviours)
Motivation - process to start, direct and persist

Question 18

Who is Matarazzo (1982)? what is his def of health psychology/the importance of health psych?
What are the 4 disciplines of this field?

Answer 18

Promote and maintain health, prevent/treat illness, identify causes and correlates of health illness and related dysfunction, analyze and improve health care systems\health policy
Profession: clinical training, research, program design and education

Question 19

Define the following terms: mortality, morbidity, prevalence, incidence, epidemic, pandemic, public health, health policy

Answer 19

Mortality - death, generally on a large scale
Morbidity - illness, injury, or disability
Prevalence - # of new cases (includes continuing or new cases)
Incidence - # of new cases during a set time period
Epidemic - incidence has increased rapidly
Pandemic - epidemic at international proportions

Public health - protecting, maintaining and improving health through organized effort
Programs 2 promote or provide immunization, sanitation, health edu, community health services

Health policy - examines decisions, plans and actions taken by gov and other organizations regarding health care

Question 20

Explain relationship between cholesterol and heart disease using the study discussed in lecture?
What were the conditions and the results?

Answer 20

Hypothesis/prediction: if we reduce cholst levels then it should reduce the rate of heart disease
Reduce cholst with cholst lowering drug
Large group (sample) that are relatively at risk of HD
Assign them randomly to conditions: cholst lowering (exp grp), no drug (control grp) or placebo
Random to avoid confounding variables
Results: placebo had small amount less HA then control group, exp group had way less HA then both other groups

Question 21

What are the pros and cons of non-experimental methods?

define quasi-experimental?

Answer 21

Non experimental methods
No variable manipulation - Good for looking at relationships between variables but can’t test them
Sometimes good cuz testing is not feasible/cannot randomly assign
Sometimes aim of research is to simply demonstrate a relationship

Quasi-Experimental
“Look” like experiments but no random assigning

Question 22

What are some examples of research methods?

Hint: pros, retro

Answer 22

Retrospective (disease then diet) - Prospective (diet then disease)
Examine changes across the lifespan -
Cross sectional (ages 35,45,55 + cholst intake) - cohort impact
Longitudinal (ages 35, then 45, then 55, cholst intake)
Single subject - unusual medical/psych study

Question 23

What assumption about cholesterol in blood has been made using twin studies?
What about in adoption studies? what was the related finding? (hint: cancer)
What are the two types of twins?

Answer 23

Twin studies
Gene influence by subtracting MZ twins from differences between DZ twins
Related finding: heredity effects levels of cholst in blood

Adoption studies
More similar 2 bio than adoptive parents (evidence of heredity)
Related finding: heredity = impt in early life more so than later, gene factors affect the risk of developing cancer but enviro play a stronger role for most people

Monozygotic - same genetic inheritance
Dizygotic - no more similar than separately born siblings

Question 24

Define the following diseases/issues: sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria, oncogenes

Answer 24

sickle cell anemia - sickle shaped RBC that carry oxygen and clump blood leading to inadequate oxygen 2 organs/tissue damage
Phenylketonuria - baby’s body fails to produce an enzyme that breaks down toxic amino acid in most foods - can cause brain damage
Oncogenes - genes that cause cancer (can be normal genes or mutations)

Question 25

What are the two types of twins?

What is true about MZ twins as they age?

Answer 25

MZ twins gene activity is less similar the older they get - suggests accumulation of epigon effects

Monozygotic - same genetic inheritance
Dizygotic - no more similar than separately born siblings