Health Behaviors and Health Promotion - Chappy 4 Flashcards
How much longer do people who engage in healthy behaviours live?
Adults with healthy/active lifestyles w/minimal drug + alc use can live 12 years longer
What are the three types of health behaviours - regardless of health status or active effectiveness?
describe them
Well behaviour
Any activity people take to maintain/improve current good health + avoid illness
Prob: well people may not feel as motivated to put in effort (already gucci)
Symptom based behaviour
Any activity ill people undertake to determine the problem/find a healthy solution - various reasons to engage (fear/finances, more/less likely)
Sick - Role B
Any action to treat or adjust to a health prob after deciding that they are ill + what the illness is
Special role exempt from normal operations
Depends partially on learning
Describe the three levels of preventative action? give examples
Primary
2 combat risk of developing probs (ex: genetic counselling, behavioral immunogens)
Secondary
Actions taken to identify + treat an illness/injury early w the aim of stopping/reversing the problem (ex: going to see the doctor)
Tertiary
Actions taken to contact or slow disease-related damage (prevent disability/recurrence + rehab) - least cost effective + most common (ex: following the do
What are the two main causes of death and what causes these diseases?
Cancer #1 cause of death (90% due to smoking)
Bowel cancer linked to fat, high meat and low fibre
Heart disease #2 cause of death
R factors: high BP, high Bchol, diabetes, overweight, excessive alc, physical inactivity, smoking, stress
What are the main determinants of health behaviour?
Hint: two large ones, skinner
Operant learning
Through conditioning, changes in behaviour are related to its consequences
Punishment
Unwanted consequence (less likely to repeat, consistent)
Reinforcement
Desirable state, more likely to repeat, add something positive, take away something negative - extinction (response weakens w/out reinforcer)
Modelling
Learning through observing behaviours of others
Consequences model receives affect the behaviour of the observer
Ex: teen enjoying attention received from smoking - powerful model for the observer (more likely 2 engage)
What is an antecedent?
internal/external stimuli that precede and set the occasion for a behaviour (coffee - morning)
What is the health belief model?
What are the two determinants of action based on this model?
Asserts that the likelihood that a person will take preventative action - that is, perform a health behaviour - depends directly on the outcome of 2 assessments
a) Perceived threat of illness/injury w/out associated behaviour based on
Perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, cues to action
b) Perceived benefits + barriers (pros/cons) - sum of benefits and barriers = likelihood of performing a behaviour
What are the three components of perceived threat in the HBM? Explain the relevance of benefits and barriers?
1) Perceived susceptibility - likelihood of developing the problem
2) Perceived severity - usually based on beliefs a person has about the difficulties a disease would create/ the effects the disease would have on their life
3) Cues to action - reminded or alerted about potential problems (more risk = more likely to take action)
Benefits: own opinion of value
Barrier: evaluation of obstacles/difficulties (embarrassment/giving up things)
Weighing the two is assessing the sum - assessed sum + perceived threat determines likelihood of preventative action
What is the problem with the HBM?
Probs: does not account for behaviours that we perform habitually (ex: tooth brushing) where it originated + continued w/out thinking about threats, benefits cost
No standard way of measuring components
What is the theory of planned behaviour? According to this model, what affects intentions?
Health beliefs about risk are different from actual health behaviour - health behaviour is a direct result of intention
Intentions are affected by:
Attitudes towards specific action - what will the outcome be?
Perceived social norms - what do others think/do I care?
Perceived behavioural control/ self efficacy - am I capable?
What study supports the TPB model?
What are the shortcomings of TPB?
What makes people more likely to carry out intentions?
Purpose: assessed weather the TPB predicts smoking cessation
1) attitude towards quitting smoking + subjective norm in relation 2 people who are important to me + perceived behavioural control
2) (6 months later) - quit attempt results - TBP predicted smokers intentions + attempts to quit smoking + length of abstinence
Prob: Intentions + behaviours = not always related (pp don’t do what they decide)
Affect intentions: Make careful plans, Keep track of efforts, Recognize behaviours are long-term commitment
What is an implementation plan? what are the three main aids?
Getting started despite distractions
Specify time/place for goal directed behaviour
Link goal 2 situational cue
Carry out automatically
Persistence in spite of difficulties and setbacks
Anticipate difficulties + create solutions
Resuming after interruption (start again after vacation)
What is the stages of change model?
What are the 5 levels of change?
How supported is this model?
Readiness is the main focus - People in one stage differ psychologically from those in other stages (5 stages)
Maintenance - keep it going
Action - spans period of time, usually 6 months from people’s successful and active efforts to change a behaviour
Preparation - getting ready, planning stage
Contemplation - thinking about action, aware of a problem, not yet ready
Pre - contemplation (least ready) - decidedly not changing
How supported is the SOC model?
What are the drawbacks?
Very useful - studies have confirmed
Pp at higher stages = more likely to succeed at adopting healthy behaviours
Process model describes lead 2 advancement within stages
Value of maintaining interventions 2 specific stages 2 improve its success
Probs: interventions based on the theory have been less successful with some specific behaviours (ex: weight loss)
What is the less rational process (common sense model)?
Decisions we make are often unwise/irrational
Motivated reasoning: preferable conclusion = using biased cognitive processes
Ex: smokers rate lower risk of smoking related diseases than non-smokers or people are more likely to judge less risk of unprotected sex if a person is attractive
