Stress: Part 1 - Chappy 2 Flashcards
What are the main sources of stress for an individual?
Ask following first answer:
Describe stages of goal conflict?
What did a stress study of students reveal?
Illness
Goal frustration
Goal conflict - av,av / a,a / av,a
Cognition/thoughts - Anticipatory stress ex: anticipation of stress taxes CV as much as exam itself
Blood pressure cuff on students + regular lecture = stable patterns, Pre-exam = activity is high
Social motives - rejection activates same part of the brain as physical pain
What are the three most common enviro stressors?
others?
what happens to pregnant mothers who experience discrim?
Noise, crowding, threat of violence
Natural disasters (flooding/hurricane)
Community catastrophes (humboldt bus crash)
Low SES
Limited access to edu, health, less safety
Reduced life expectancy/risk of disease
Rural living - isolation, lack of health resources, transport
Discrimination
Exposure to discrim during pregnancy = more likely to have baby of lower birth weight + racial discrim = nighttime reductions in BP
What are the three most common family stressors?
New baby
Marital strain + Divorce
Family illness (child and adult)
What are the two denominations of the peripheral nervous system?
What are their respective functions?
Somatic NS
Sensory motor (skin and skeleton)
Afferent N: FROM sense organs TO brain
Efferent N: TO and activate the skeleton
Auto NS
Carries messages between the spinal cord and the smooth muscles of the internal organs (ex: heart, lungs, stomach, blood vessels and glands)
Activates internal organs + sends reports on organ activity to the brain
What are the two denominations of the autonomic nervous system?
What are their respective functions? - what does one increase and decrease?
Hint: this answer is long as fuck
Sympathetic NS activation (HYPE)
Acts with current emotional state
Prepares body to respond to: emergencies, strong emotions, strenuous activities
Stimulation = release of norepinephrine + epinephrine - prompting a bunch of bodily changes
Increases: heart rate + bp (blood diverted to muscles), respiration, perspiration, increased levels/mobilization of free fatty acids, cholst + triglycerides for energy, platelet adhesiveness + aggregation (clotting stops profuse bleeding)
Decrease: blood flow 2 the gut, kidneys, skin (digestion, pee and warmth don’t matter as much), salivation
Parasympathetic NS (CHILL - except digestion)
Controls organs under normal circumstances
Acts antagonistically to sympathetic NS (restores body to normal)
Helps calming process - conserve/store energy
Decreases arousal, slows breathing + heart rate, lowers heart rate and bp - ect
What is the endocrine system? how does it differ from the nervous system?
Ask after first answer:
What are the two main hormones released by this system?
NS ^ is short lived - communicates visa neurotransmitters
Contrast - endocrine effects are slow to initiate, prolonged in response, lasting from a few hours to a few weeks
Made up of a series of glands that produce chemicals called hormones
Hormones - made in one part of the body (lots from pituitary) and released into the bloodstream to travel to a target organ or gland
Regulate various human functioning, including: metabolism, growth and dev, sleep and mood
Helps body deal with stress (2 types)
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - mobilizes energy resources, keeps blood glucose levels high enough
Mineralocorticoids - mobilizes the immune response, redirects circulating lymphocytes to peripheral tissues where pathogens are
Walk me through the S.A.M reaction?
S.A.M
Sympa activation: hypot sends nerve impulses to the adrenal medulla (adrenal gland, behind kidney), which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (also called SAM axis)
Adrenal medulla - produces epiN and noepiN
Walk me through the H.P.A reaction?
Hypothalamus releases hormones to signal pituitary that signals the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (also called HPA axis)
Adrenal cortex - produces glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids + sex steriods
What activates the endocrine and the sympaNS?
Both sympaNS and endocrine are activated by the HypoT
What is general adaptation syndrom? who developed it and how?
Walk me through the G.A.S process?
What do critics have to say?
Hans Seyle (1930s) - father of stress research Studies animals under various stress conditions over a long period of time, discovered that F or F was only 1st reaction in a series
GAS:
Perceived stressor
Alarm reaction - f or f (SAM)
Resistance - arousal high, defend and adapt (HPA)
Exhaustion - limited physical resources, collapse, death
Critiques of GAS
Non-specific (phys reaction of gas occurs regardless of the type of stressor) - not realistic
Some stressors elicit stronger reactions = larger amount of hormone released
Cognitive appraisals play a role (deciding how stressful something is)
Define allostatic load?
What are the four factors that contribute to overall bodily stress?
Hint: REMR
Ryan evolved Martha rested
Allostatic load: physiological cost of chronic exposure to strain (fluctuating neural or neuroendocrine response)
Four factors
1) Exposure - amount increases with frequency, intensity and duration
2) Magnitude - individual variation in the magnitude of responses (some large increases in bp, other much smaller)
3) Rate of recovery - once stressor is over, phys responses return to normal for some but stay elevated for others (dwelling/fear of recurrence can slow recovery)
Adds to accumulated toll through prolonged phys activation
4) Resource restoration- sleep is impt for replenishment: some phys activities drop below daytime levels (bigger the drop the better)
Sleep deprivation adds to allostatic load directly, poor/reduced sleep predicts serious health problems (HD)
Three psych areas impacted by stress? how are they impacted?
Cognition - memory and attention go to shit
Emotions - fear, anger and depression
Social behavior - either seek comfort or withdraw and become hostile
What are the gender differences in stressors and reactions to stress?
Men - reactive when competence is challenged
Women - friendship or love is challenged
Women more major + minor stressors (interpersonal + love based)
Differences in physiological strain - men more reactivity (longer to return to baseline)
How do Lazarus and Folkman define stress?
What does this definition assume?
Ask after answer:
What are the two factors by which cognitive appraisal is done?
“…circumstances in which transitions lead a person to perceive a discrepancy between the physical or psychological demands of a situation and the resources of their biopsychosocial systems”
Cognitive appraisal
Interpretation of events is more important in determining effect then the event itself
Define primary and secondary appraisal
What are the three outcomes of primary A?
What are the two outcomes of secondary A?
Whether demand threatens their phys or psych well being (primary appraisal)
3:
Irrelevant - neutral (no implications for individuals well-being)
Positive (may increase well being)]
Negative (potentially harmful, threatening or challenging)
Resources available for meeting the demand (secondary appraisal
2:
Coping - cognitive, emotional, behavioural efforts to manage the event
Can cope - calm down
Cannot cope - freak the fuck out
