What is Blood?

Question 1

What is the difference between haematopoeisis and haemopoeisis

Answer 1

haematopoeisis is american

haemopoeisis is english english

Question 2

What is blood?

Answer 2

Suspension of cells in water, proteins and electrolytes

Question 3

How much of the blood does plasma make up?

Answer 3

approximately 55% of total blood volume.

40 - 50 ml/kg

Question 4

How much of the blood is made up of erythrocytes?

Answer 4

approximately 45%

Question 5

What percentage of blood makes up the “buffy coat”?

Answer 5

<1%

Question 6

How much blood is there in people compared to bodyweight?

Answer 6

RBCs: 20 - 30 ml/kg

Plasma: 40 - 50 ml/kg

Question 7

What is the buffy coat?

Answer 7

The cellular component

Question 8

Where are clotting factors located?

Answer 8

In blood plasma

Question 9

How is a blood count (FBC) conducted?

Answer 9

Machine is usually used which measures red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Question 10

What is haematocrit?

Answer 10

Percentage of blood that is cellular (packed cell volume)

Question 11

What information is given by blood counting machine?

Answer 11

RBC count

HGB haemoglobin

HCT haematocrit

MCV Mean RBC Volume

MCH Mean cell haemoglobin

MCHC mean cell haemoglobin concentration

RDW RBC Distribution Width

RET%: % of RBCs that are reticulocytes (Immature RBCs)

PLT: Platelet count

MPV: Mean Platelet Volume

Question 12

How is anaemia classified?

Answer 12

Microcytic (<80 fL)

Normocytic

Macrocytic (>100 fL)

Question 13

What are the causes of microcytic anaemia?

Answer 13

Iron deficiency

Thalassaemia

Haemoglobinopathies

Anaemia of chronic disease

Question 14

What are the causes of normocytic anaemia?

Answer 14

Blood loss

Haemolytic anaemia (either due to destruction of RBC membrane, Enzyme defects, or extrinsic factors)

Stem cell defects

Question 15

What causes Macrocytic anaemia?

Answer 15

Megaloblastic anaemia

Excess alcohol

Liver disease

Reticulocytosis

Drug therapy

Marrow failure

Question 16

What does reticulocyte count tell us?

Answer 16

If it is reduced then it means there is a failure in RBC production (erythropoiesis)

If it is increased there is appropriate BM erythroid response

Question 17

What is mroe important for clinical practice; neutrophil absolute number or percentage?

Answer 17

Absolute number

Question 18

What information does a blood film give us?

Answer 18

Looking under a microscope gives insight into the morphology of the cells

Question 19

What is anisocytosis?

Answer 19

Variation in red cell size

Question 20

What is poikilocytosis?

Answer 20

Variation in cell shape

Question 21

What is hypochromasia?

Answer 21

Pale (reduced colour)

Question 22

What is polychromasia?

Answer 22

Many colours

Question 23

What is a schistocyte?

Answer 23

Fragmented red cell

Question 24

What are spherocytes?

Answer 24

Spherical red cells

Question 25

What are acanthocytes?

Answer 25

Spiculated membrane (contains spikes)

Question 26

What do red blood cells look like in thalassaemia?

Answer 26

Like targets (target cell anaemia)

Question 27

What are the 5 types of WBC?

Answer 27

Granulocytes (granules in cyotplasm): Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Other WBCs: Monocytes Lymphocytes

Question 28

What is glandular fever?

Answer 28

A viral infection

Question 29

What happens to nucleus size in active lymphocytes?

Answer 29

It is larger and responsive

Question 30

How do slides of acute leukaemia look compared to normal leukaemia?

Answer 30

In both leukaemias WBCs look very similar to each other. In acute leukaemia the WBCs are larger and bundled together.

Question 31

What are the 3 components of coagulation?

Answer 31

1. Clotting factors - circulating problems 2. Platelets - derived from megakaryocytes in BM 3. Endothelium - Blood vessel lining

Question 32

How are holes in blood vessel lining repaired?

Answer 32

Platelet plugs hole in endothelium (platelet - fibrin plug) Clotting factors create scaffolding which plug the hole in the blood vessel

Question 33

What can lab tests show about clotting?

Answer 33

Clotting factors and their function. Platelets can be counted and their appearance under microscope can be used.

Question 34

What pathway triggers fibrin formation?

Answer 34

The coagulation cascade

Question 35

What is the normal platelet count?

Answer 35

(150 - 400) X 10^9

Question 36

When does thrombocytopenia get clinically diagnosed?

Answer 36

10 x 10^9

Question 37

What is a clinical sign of acute immune thrombocytopenia?

Answer 37

Petechiae

Question 38

What is acute immune thrombocytopenia?

Answer 38

Reduction of platelet numbers due to an autoimmune destruction. (can occur as a complication of glandular fever)

Question 39

What is done to donated blood?

Answer 39

It is centrifuged and separated

Question 40

What happens to plasma?

Answer 40

It is frozen to prevent wearing down of coagulation factors

Question 41

Who needs blood transfusions?

Answer 41

People with: Acute blood loss Symptomatic anaemia Bone marrow failure Transplantation Thrombocytopenia Immune dificiencies

Question 42

What are the risks of transfusion?

Answer 42

Wrong blood Volume overload Allergy Fever Immune reaction Infection