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IMED2002 > What is Blood? > Flashcards

What is Blood? Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between haematopoeisis and haemopoeisis

A

haematopoeisis is american

haemopoeisis is english english

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2
Q

What is blood?

A

Suspension of cells in water, proteins and electrolytes

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3
Q

How much of the blood does plasma make up?

A

approximately 55% of total blood volume.

40 - 50 ml/kg

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4
Q

How much of the blood is made up of erythrocytes?

A

approximately 45%

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5
Q

What percentage of blood makes up the “buffy coat”?

A

<1%

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6
Q

How much blood is there in people compared to bodyweight?

A

RBCs: 20 - 30 ml/kg

Plasma: 40 - 50 ml/kg

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7
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

The cellular component

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8
Q

Where are clotting factors located?

A

In blood plasma

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9
Q

How is a blood count (FBC) conducted?

A

Machine is usually used which measures red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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10
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

Percentage of blood that is cellular (packed cell volume)

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11
Q

What information is given by blood counting machine?

A

RBC count

HGB haemoglobin

HCT haematocrit

MCV Mean RBC Volume

MCH Mean cell haemoglobin

MCHC mean cell haemoglobin concentration

RDW RBC Distribution Width

RET%: % of RBCs that are reticulocytes (Immature RBCs)

PLT: Platelet count

MPV: Mean Platelet Volume

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12
Q

How is anaemia classified?

A

Microcytic (<80 fL)

Normocytic

Macrocytic (>100 fL)

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13
Q

What are the causes of microcytic anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency

Thalassaemia

Haemoglobinopathies

Anaemia of chronic disease

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14
Q

What are the causes of normocytic anaemia?

A

Blood loss

Haemolytic anaemia (either due to destruction of RBC membrane, Enzyme defects, or extrinsic factors)

Stem cell defects

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15
Q

What causes Macrocytic anaemia?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

Excess alcohol

Liver disease

Reticulocytosis

Drug therapy

Marrow failure

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16
Q

What does reticulocyte count tell us?

A

If it is reduced then it means there is a failure in RBC production (erythropoiesis)

If it is increased there is appropriate BM erythroid response

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17
Q

What is mroe important for clinical practice; neutrophil absolute number or percentage?

A

Absolute number

18
Q

What information does a blood film give us?

A

Looking under a microscope gives insight into the morphology of the cells

19
Q

What is anisocytosis?

A

Variation in red cell size

20
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

Variation in cell shape

21
Q

What is hypochromasia?

A

Pale (reduced colour)

22
Q

What is polychromasia?

A

Many colours

23
Q

What is a schistocyte?

A

Fragmented red cell

24
Q

What are spherocytes?

A

Spherical red cells

25
Q

What are acanthocytes?

A

Spiculated membrane (contains spikes)

26
Q

What do red blood cells look like in thalassaemia?

A

Like targets (target cell anaemia)

27
Q

What are the 5 types of WBC?

A

Granulocytes (granules in cyotplasm):

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Other WBCs:

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

28
Q

What is glandular fever?

A

A viral infection

29
Q

What happens to nucleus size in active lymphocytes?

A

It is larger and responsive

30
Q

How do slides of acute leukaemia look compared to normal leukaemia?

A

In both leukaemias WBCs look very similar to each other.

In acute leukaemia the WBCs are larger and bundled together.

31
Q

What are the 3 components of coagulation?

A
  1. Clotting factors - circulating problems
  2. Platelets - derived from megakaryocytes in BM
  3. Endothelium - Blood vessel lining
32
Q

How are holes in blood vessel lining repaired?

A

Platelet plugs hole in endothelium (platelet - fibrin plug)

Clotting factors create scaffolding which plug the hole in the blood vessel

33
Q

What can lab tests show about clotting?

A

Clotting factors and their function.

Platelets can be counted and their appearance under microscope can be used.

34
Q

What pathway triggers fibrin formation?

A

The coagulation cascade

35
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

(150 - 400) X 10^9

36
Q

When does thrombocytopenia get clinically diagnosed?

37
Q

What is a clinical sign of acute immune thrombocytopenia?

38
Q

What is acute immune thrombocytopenia?

A

Reduction of platelet numbers due to an autoimmune destruction. (can occur as a complication of glandular fever)

39
Q

What is done to donated blood?

A

It is centrifuged and separated

40
Q

What happens to plasma?

A

It is frozen to prevent wearing down of coagulation factors

41
Q

Who needs blood transfusions?

A

People with:

Acute blood loss

Symptomatic anaemia

Bone marrow failure

Transplantation

Thrombocytopenia

Immune dificiencies

42
Q

What are the risks of transfusion?

A

Wrong blood

Volume overload

Allergy

Fever

Immune reaction

Infection

IMED2002 (29 decks)

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