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IMED2002 > Leucocytes: Production and Function > Flashcards

Leucocytes: Production and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the production of Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, platelets, and monocytes called?

A

Granulopoeisis

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2
Q

What are the 3 cell types that have granules?

A

Eosinophils

Basophils

Neutrophils

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3
Q

What stimulates granulopoeisis?

A

Cytokines with orderly sequence of maturation

IL-3

Granulocyte colony Stimulating Factor

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4
Q

What is the band form?

A

The immediate precursor of the neutrophil

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5
Q

What is granulopoeisis?

A

Hemopoeitic stem cell undergoes specific differentiation in response to cytokines with orderly sequence of maturation.

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6
Q

Where in the bone marrow does granulopoeisis take place?

A

Maturing forms deeper in the marrow space

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7
Q

How is the nucleus positioned in the early precursor to granulocytes?

A

It is positioned eccentrically (off to one side)

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8
Q

What happens to nucleus during granulopoeisis?

A

Nucleus shrinks and moves off to one side.

Early precursors are located adjacent to the bony trabeculae and then after maturation they form deeper in the marrow space.

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9
Q

Why are early precursors located near the bony trabeculae?

A

Due to achieving cytokines from near that location

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10
Q

What early precursor do neutrophils develop from?

A

Primitive myeloblast

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11
Q

What are the stages of neutrophil formation?

A

Myeloblast

Promyelocyte

Myelocyte

Metamyelocyte

Band form

Neutrophil

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12
Q

What happens to neutrophils during maturation?

A

Reduction in size

Contain fine granules which develop (primary and secondary (specific) cytoplasmic)

Neutrophil nucleus segments (2 - 5 segments

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13
Q

What happens to neutrophils during maturation?

A

Reduction in size

Contain fine granules which develop (primary and secondary (specific) cytoplasmic)

Neutrophil nucleus shrinks and then segments (2 - 5 segments)

Neutrophil then leaves bone marrow and then acts as a phagocyte and discharges granules into bloodstream.

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14
Q

What happens to female neutrophil nucleus?

A

females have a drum stick like appendage (20% of the time)

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15
Q

What are primary granules?

A

Early granules of many functions

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16
Q

When are primary granules formed?

A

At promyelocyte stage

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17
Q

How do primary granules look on electron microscope and how do they differ from secondary granules?

A

They are electron dense and larger than secondary granules

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18
Q

What do primary granules contain?

A

Lysozyme

Defensins

Elastase

Cathepsins B, D and G

Proteinase 3

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19
Q

What do secondary granules contain?

A

Lysozyme

Transcobalamin I (vitB12 binding protein)

Collagenase

beta 2 microglobulin

Lactoferrin

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20
Q

How are secondary granules different to primary granules?

A

They are specific to neutrophils. Primary granules are also located in basophils and eosinophils

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21
Q

What causes variation in number and lifespan of neutrophils?

A

Age, gender, ethnicity

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22
Q

How does mature neutropil migrate from BM to blood?

A

It migrates through the sinusoidal endothelium (through diapedesis)

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23
Q

How long do neutrophils last in blood for?

A

Half life in blood is 2.6 - 11.8 hours (mean 7.2 hours)

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24
Q

How long can neutrophils survive outside of the blood?

A

Up to 30 hours

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25
Q

Can neutrophils appear in secretions and tissues?

A

yes and they can live for 30 hours outside the blood

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26
Q

Are WBC counts higher at birth or at 18 years old?

A

They are highest at birth and drop by the time we are 18

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27
Q

What causes neutrophil count to go up?

A

Infection

Acute inflammation

Stress

Pregnancy

Surgery

Trauma

Tissue damage

Infarction

Steroids and cytokines

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28
Q

What are the second most frequent granulated cells?

A

Eosinophils

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29
Q

How is development of eosinophils different to neutrophils?

A

Eosinophils develop secondary granules at the myelocyte stage

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30
Q

What is the diameter of eosinophils?

A

12 - 17 micrometers (slightly larger than neutrophils)

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31
Q

What do eosinophilic cytoplasm contain?

A

Large round granules

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32
Q

What colour do eosinophils look with romanowsky stains?

A

Red-orange

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33
Q

How many lobes do eosinophil nuclei contain?

A

2 lobes that look like glasses and a bridge

34
Q

What is the half life of eosinophils in circulation?

A

4.5 - 8 hours

35
Q

How long can eosinophils survive in tissues?

A

8 - 12 days

36
Q

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

A

1 - 5%

37
Q

What causes acute allergic response?

A

Eosinophils (their count increases in response to allergies)

38
Q

What do eosinophil granules contain?

A

Phospholipases

Histaminase

Ribonuclease

Beta glucuronidase

Cathepsin

Collagenase

39
Q

What guides the mobility of eosinophils?

A

Chemotactic agents, phagocytose and kill microorganisms

40
Q

How effective are eosinophils at phagocytosis compared to neutrophils?

A

Slower at ingesting and killing bacteria than neutrophils

41
Q

What type of pathogens and immunoglobulins do eosinophils bind to?

A

IgG and C3 coated helminths

42
Q

Which cells are involved in immediate -type hypersensitivity reactions / allergies?

A

Eosinophils

43
Q

What causes an increase in eosinophil count?

A

Allergy

Drugs

Asthma

Dermatitis

Parasites

Neoplastic syndromes (They can get cancer)

44
Q

What are the most infrequent Leucocytes seen?

A

Basophils (<1%)

45
Q

What do basophil nuclei look like?

A

Has 2 segments but often hard to see due to being covered by purple-black cytoplasmic granules

46
Q

What cell surface receptors do basophils have? Why?

A

IgE, IgG, C5a, histamine, chemokines

47
Q

What do basophils have in their granules?

A

Histamine

Mucopolysaccharides

Peroxidase

Chymase (a serine protease)

Tryptase

48
Q

When do we see more basophils?

A

Chronic myeloid leukaemia and in this condition they have reduced number of granules

49
Q

Are monocytes granulocytes?

A

They have granules but are not called granulocytes

50
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are monocytes?

A

2 - 8%

51
Q

What influences maturation of monocytes from stem cells?

A

IL-3 and GMC

52
Q

What stem cells do monocytes come from?

A

Monoblast

53
Q

What does the nucleus look like on monocytes?

A

Horseshoe shaped

54
Q

How long is monocyte half life in the circulation?

A

70 hours and then they move into tissues to become macrophages

55
Q

What is the largest leucocyte?

A

Monocytes/macrophages

56
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Collect debris from blood and tissue

Store iron

57
Q

What do monocyte granules contain?

A

Enzymes: Acid phosphatase, esterases, galactosidases

Lysozyme, MPO, Elastase, defensins, collagenase

Coagulation system proteins (TF, Factors V, VII, X, and XIII, plasminogen activator)

58
Q

Where are monocytes most effective?

A

In long-term conditions and inflammation

59
Q

When do we see a large number of monocytes?

A

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Chronic infections / inflammation

60
Q

What chemical messengers do monocytes react to?

A

IgG-Fc and C3 membrane receptors

Chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5

61
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Cell mediated immunity and antibody secretion

62
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow and some move to thymus and continue there.

63
Q

What is normal T:B ratio?

A

6:1

64
Q

What percentage of BM cells are lymphocytes?

A

10 - 15%

65
Q

What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?

A

20 - 45%

66
Q

What shape are lymphocytes?

A

Round cells with a round nucleus that is slightly indented

67
Q

What ages are lymphocyte counts at their highest? What is favoured at early and late ages B cells or T cells?

A

Early childhood with B cells being favoured initially over T cells and then that switches in adulthood.

68
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes are T cells, B cells, and NK cells?

A

T (70 - 85) B (5 - 25) NK (<5)

69
Q

What is the most common leukemia?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

70
Q

What cells secrete antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

71
Q

What percentage of plasma cells are located in the marrow?

A

<3%

72
Q

Where in the bone marrow do plasma cells line up?

A

Near the blood vessel (presumably to produce antibodies directly into the circulation)

73
Q

What do plasma cells look like?

A

Eccentric (non centered) nucleus.

Clumped chromatin

74
Q

What kind of antibodies do plasma cells produce?

A

Monoclonal antibodies (CD138 and cytoplasmic light chains)

75
Q

What kind of malignancies can plasma cells undergo?

A

Multiple myeloma

Plasmacytoma

76
Q

What organelles are abundant in plasma cells?

A

Golgi apparatus and Rough ER which are present all in a pale region within the cell

77
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Large cells with hyperlobated nucleus.

78
Q

What do megakaryocytes do?

A

They generate platelets (cytoplasmic fragments)

79
Q

What kind of mytosis produces platelets from megakaryocytes?

A

Endomitosis (nuclei undergo huge number of copies (128+ copies))

80
Q

Where are megakaryocytes located?

A

They are centrally located intratrabecular and peri sinusoidal.

81
Q

Where do megakaryocytes come from?

A

Come from common myeloid progenitor cells

82
Q

What cytokines influence platelet production?

A

IL-3 and thrombopoietin

IMED2002 (29 decks)

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