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IMED2002 > Bone Marrow Structure and Function > Flashcards

Bone Marrow Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where is blood made?

A

In the bone marrow

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2
Q

What is bone marrow creation called?

A

Haemopoiesis

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3
Q

What happens in the bone marrow?

A

Cells differentiate and proliferate

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4
Q

What cells do RBCs come from?

A

Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells

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5
Q

What cell types can be made via pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells?

A

WBCs, RBCs, Platelets

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6
Q

What influences the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent haemopoeitic stem cells?

A

Cytokines and regulators

Metals

Vitamins

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7
Q

Why do RBCs look brown on a slide and WBCs look purple?

A

Staining

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8
Q

What is the most active tissue in the body? Why?

A

The bone marrow; They make blood from when we are fetuses until we die and they continuously produce RBCs and WBCs indefinitely.

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9
Q

Where is blood produced in utero?

A

During the first 3 months the yolk sac starts the production of blood

During month 3 to month 7 the liver is the primary site of haemoppoiesis.

The spleen produces blood from the 3rd month to the 7th month as well

The bone marrow is another site that starts producing blood at 4 - 5 months and becomes fully active by the 7th or 8th month

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10
Q

What stage does the bone marrow become fully active?

A

7 - 8th month

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11
Q

Which bone marrow produces the most blood?

A

Vertebral bone marrow. After birth the rest of the bones decrease production of blood.

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12
Q

Can haemopoietic stem cells renew themselves?

A

Yes and they are pluripotent so they can differentiate into many cell types.

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13
Q

What percentage of bone marrow cells are CD34+?

A

1% of BM cells

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14
Q

What are blasts?

A

Morphologically distinguishable immature cells

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15
Q

How long does granulopoiesis usually take?

A

7 days approximately

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16
Q

What are the stages of erythropoiesis?

A

Proerythroblast

Basophilic normoblast

Polychromatic normoblast

Orthochromatic normoblast

Reticulocyte

RBC

17
Q

What kind of bone is contained within the bone marrow?

A

Trabecular bone (small thin pieces of bone that give bone marrow a framework)

18
Q

How do blood cell precursors organize themselves in bone marrow?

A

Immature cells adhere to matrix due to presence of adhesive proteins so they are located at edges.

Mature cells lose adhesive properties and are released into the middle of the bone marrow.

19
Q

What stains are used for bone marrow microscope images?

A

3 micrometers thick and stained with Haemotoxilin and eosin

20
Q

What does the amount of fat in our bone marrow tell us?

A

More fat is present in bone marrow with older age.

When baby is born there is no fat

By 80 years of age only 20% will be cellular and 80% will be fat.

Cellularity of bone marrow = 100 - age of person

21
Q

What is a sign of healthy bone marrow?

A

Lots of variation of WBCs.

In leukemia there are lots of similar looking WBCs

22
Q

What are the contents of normal bone marrow?

A

Erythropoiesis: 20% of RBC production (proerythroblasts - maturing erythroblasts - late forms)

Granulopoiesis (60% of BM)

Lymphocytes are 15%

Megakaryocytes are <0.1%

Other cells include plasma cells and macrophages

23
Q

What do megakaryocytes do?

A

They produce platelets which make our blood clot

24
Q

Into what do pluripotent stem cells differentiate initially?

A

Myeloid stem cells

Lymphoid stem cells

25
Q

Which immune cell comes from myeloid stem cells?

A

Monocytes and macrophages

26
Q

What do growth factors regulate?

A

Differentiation of stem cells

Number of cells being produced in the bone marrow

Can affect the function of a cell

27
Q

What kind of cells can growth factors act on?

A

Some act on primitive cells

Some act on later cells

28
Q

Where is erythropoeitin (EPO) produced?

A

Kidneys

29
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Affects pluripotent stem cells to produce more red blood cells.

It increases production of RBCs

30
Q

What happens to EPO during haemorrhage?

A

It increases

31
Q

What do G-CSF, GM-CSF do?

A

Control leucocyte production

32
Q

What does the kidney produce EPO in response to?

A

Decreased oxygen

33
Q

What happens to EPO production in patients with renal failure?

A

It is lowered so they must be given EPO exogenously

34
Q

What does IL-3 do?

A

Acts on early stem cell and is broad in specificity

35
Q

What does thrombopoeitin do?

A

Acts on megakaryocytes to produce platelets

36
Q

How do cytokines exert their function on cells?

A

They stimulate a secondary messenger system which acts on the nucleus.

37
Q

What growth factors act on stem cells?

A

IL-3

Stem cell factor

38
Q

How can haemopoiesis be assessed?

A

Blood count

Bone marrow examination

Some growth factors can be measured

39
Q

What questions do we ask in bone marrow examinations?

A

How many cells are present?

Are the cells in the right place?

Which cells are present?

Do the cells look normal?

IMED2002 (29 decks)

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