Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2804NRS > What is . . . ? > Flashcards

What is . . . ? Flashcards

1
Q

Acute inflammation

A

A condition involving tissue swelling (oedema) that occurs shortly (seconds,minutes,hours) after injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acute phase

A

Stage of infection where clinical manifestations peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adeno’

A

A prefix relating to glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Aeitiology

A

The study of cause and distribution of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aerobic bacteria

A

Bacteria that can live and grow in the presence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Allele

A

One of two forms of a gene at corresponding sites on a chromosome pair; the code for characteristics manifested in an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anaerobic bacteria

A

Bacteria that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen, some anaerobic bacteria are inhibited or killed by oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anencephaly

A

A congenital condition where most of the brain and skull are absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aneuploidy

A

A variation in the number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Aneurysm

A

An outpouching or abnormal dilated area in a blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Development of new blood vesselsl; the development of new capillaries in the tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Antibiotics

A

Agent used to manage infection causing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Antibody

A

Specific protein produced in humoral response to bind with antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antigen

A

Foreign substance (antibody generator) that stimulates immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Antimicrobials

A

Any agent that inhibit growth or kill microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antiseptics

A

Antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aphasia

A

Loss of the ability to communicate, speak coherently, or understand speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ataxia

A

Impaired coordination, imbalance, staggering gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Aura

A

A sensation (visual or auditory) usually preceding a seizure or migraine headache

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Disorders resulting from an overactive immune system that fails to recognise ‘self’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Specialised lymphocytes produced and mature in bone marrow, a precursor to plasma cells which produce antibodies or memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Bacteremia

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular organisms that do not require living tissue to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Basophils

A

White blood cells which bind IgE and release histamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Benign

A

A generic term referring to the inability of a tumour to metastasise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Binary fission

A

The primary method of reproduction of prokaryotic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Biopsy

A

An examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cachexia

A

Severe tissue wasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Calor

A

Temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Cancer

A

A generic term describing any condition where abnormal cells divide and invade other tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Carcinogen

A

Any substance that has the potential to cause cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

The process of initiating cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignancy of epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Carrier

A

An individual who has an inherited genetic mutation for a condition or disease, but does not express any symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

A type of acquired immunity in which T cells play a dominant role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cellular phase

A

The second stage of acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Chemical mediators

A

Intracellular substances released into the tissue that induce inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Chorea

A

Involuntary repeated jerky movements of face and limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Acute inflammatory response that does not subside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

Demonstrable changes (S&S) caused by a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Clonic Movements

A

The rapid, alternating contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical shaped bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Collagen

A

A protein commonly found in connective tissue and basic component found in scar tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Colonisation

A

The presence and multiplication of microorganism that is not yet causing disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Coma

A

An unconscious state where the person cannot be aroused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Commensal microorganism

A

An organism participating in a symbiotic relationship with the host in which one derives some benefit while the other is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Multiple fracture lines and fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Complete fracture

A

Bone is broken to form separate pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Concussion

A

A traumatic brain injury resulting in neurological effects, such as headache, confusion, memory loss or altered level of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

An inflammation of the conjunctiva commonly caused by infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Contusion

A

A tissue injury or bruise; bleeding into tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

A condition in which an abnormal increase in the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone from a tumour in the adrenal cortex or pituitary gland results in obesity and fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroy antigens, cancer cells, virus cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Dalor

A

Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Debridement

A

Process of cleaning debris and dead cells from injury site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Deletion

A

A deletion is when a chromosome breaks and some genetic material is lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Dementia

A

The progressive loss of intellectual function and memory causing personality change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Demyelination

A

The loss of the myelin sheath from a nerve surface, interfering with conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Diplo

A

Pair clusters (e.g. of bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Diploid

A

A cell with a full set of chromosomes (46)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Disinfectant

A

Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Dislocation

A

Separation of two bones at a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Disorientation

A

Mental confusion with inadequate or incorrect awareness of time, place, and person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Dominant trait

A

Trait that will have greater influence over a pair of alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Dysphagia

A

Painful or difficult swallowing (dysPHAGia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Dysplasia

A

Maladaptive; variation in size and shape of cells in tissue (dysPLASia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Encephalopathy

A

Impaired function of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Endemic

A

Disease or infection regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Endotoxin

A

Present in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria, liposaccaride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Eosinophils

A

White blood cells; participate in allergic responses and defense against parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Epidemic

A

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the patterns of disease within populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Epithelialisation

A

Epithelial layer growing into the surrounding under the clot to bridge the wound gap (light pink)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Exotoxin

A

Usually produced from gram positive bacteria, very toxic, protein substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid that moves out of the blood vessels and accumulates in the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Facultatively anaerobic bacteria

A

Bacteria able to derive energy from aerobic or anaerobic metabolism. Includes most intestinal pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

First intention healing

A

Healing process where wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrosis, wound can be held together with minimal gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Flaccidity

A

Lack of tone in muscle; weakness and softness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Focal infection

A

Pathogen spreads to other neighbouring tissue

86
Q

Fracture

A

A break in the rigid structure and continuity of bone

87
Q

Fungi

A

Spore-bearing eukaryotic organism that becomes pathogenic if it breaches the hosts defences

88
Q

Gene

A

A unit of DNA in a particular location on a specific chromosome

89
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of a cell or individual

90
Q

Gram negative

A

A group of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation; characterised by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner cytoplasmic cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane

91
Q

Gram positive

A

Bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test; thick peptidoglycan layer cell wall

92
Q

Gram staining

A

A method of staining used to differentiate bacterial species into two large groups (gram-positive and gram-negative). Gram staining differentiates bacteria by the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls by detecting peptidoglycan

93
Q

Granulation

A

New connective tissue growing into the wound (bright red)

94
Q

Haematoma

A

A blood clot formed following bleeding into a tissue or organ

95
Q

Haploid

A

A cell with a half set of chromosomes (23)

96
Q

Helminth

A

Parasitic intestinal worm

97
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activate B and T cells; control or limit specific immune response

98
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side of the body

99
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis on one side of the body

100
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

101
Q

Histamine

A

Chemical mediator released from mast cell

102
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

103
Q

Humoral immunity

A

A type of acquired immunity in which antibodies play a dominant role

104
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell mitosis

105
Q

Hyperreflexia

A

Excessive reflex responses

106
Q

Hypertrophic scar

A

Scar tissue that remains within wound margins

107
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

108
Q

Hypoxaemia

A

Insufficient oxygen in the blood

109
Q

Hypoxia

A

A state of low oxygen

110
Q

Ictal

A

Related to a seizure (postictal—following a seizure)

111
Q

Immunity

A

The condition of being resistant to infection by a specific pathogen

112
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

A condition resulting in an inability of the immune system to resist infection

113
Q

Immunosuppressants

A

Agents used to modify an immune response

114
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed within a period

115
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Bone is only partially broken (no pieces)

116
Q

Incubation phase

A

Refers to the time between pathogen entry and first appearance of clinical manifestations

117
Q

Infarction

A

Infarction is tissue death (necrosis) caused by a local lack of oxygen, due to an obstruction of the tissue’s blood supply

118
Q

Infection

A

The invasion of the body’s tissues by disease-causing agents

119
Q

Ipsilateral

A

The same side of the body

120
Q

Ischemia

A

Inadequate blood flow to an organ or tissue

121
Q

Keloid scar

A

Excessive scar tissue that grows beyond the wound edges

122
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abdormal curve of the back; hunchback

123
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Chemical mediator that causes bronchoconstriction

124
Q

Local infection

A

Pathogen enters body and remains confined to a location

125
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal curve of the back; swayback

126
Q

Lymphatic tissue/organs

A

Contain many lymphocytes; filter body fluids, remove foreign matter, immune response

127
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytes; process and present antigens to lymphocytes for the immune response

128
Q

Malignant

A

A tumour that is very invasive and tends to spread

129
Q

Mast cells

A

Release chemical mediators such as histamines into connective tissue

130
Q

Memory T cells

A

Remember antigen and quickly stimulate immune response

131
Q

Metaplasia

A

Transition from one cell type to another

132
Q

Metastsis

A

The spread of cancerous cells from a primary tumour to a distant region

133
Q

Monocytes

A

White blood cells; migrate from the blood into tissues to become macrophages

134
Q

Monosomy

A

A genetic condition where one homologous chromosome is short of its partner. The diploid number will be one less of a normal set.

135
Q

Multi-factorial inheritance

A

Inheritance where multiple genes, and possibly the environment, interact to determine the particular genetic characteristics

136
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the genetic makeup (DNA) of a cell, which will be inherited.

137
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

Destroy foreign cells, virus infected cells and cancer cells

138
Q

Neoplasm

A

The process of new, but abnormal cellular proliferation. This term can mean benign or malignant.

139
Q

Neutrophils

A

White blood cells for phagocytosis; innate defense; active in inflammation

140
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

An infection that develops during hospitalisation

141
Q

Nuchal Rigidity

A

A stiff neck, often associated with meningitis or brain hemorrhage

142
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes in any direction

143
Q

Obligate aerobic bacteria

A

Bacteria which require oxygen as a source of energy and therefore for growth.

144
Q

-oma

A

A suffix which means benign tumour

145
Q

Oncogene

A

A gene that can potentially induce cancer; gene controls cell growth and proliferation

146
Q

Oncology

A

Study of malignant tumours

147
Q

Open/compound fracture

A

A fracture that results in a breach of the skin

148
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

An infection by a non-pathogenic organism that has become pathogenic due to an immunosuppressed state

149
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

A degenerative joint disease

150
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Bone infection

151
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Metabolic bone disease decreasing bone density

152
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of the lower limbs

153
Q

Paremchyma

A

Functional tissue cells

154
Q

Paresis

A

Muscle weakness or mild paralysis

155
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal sensations

156
Q

Pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease

157
Q

Pathogeneisis

A

Development of a disease

158
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Capacity of microbes to cause disease/infection

159
Q

Pathophysiology

A

The study of the mechanisms by which disease and illness alter body function

160
Q

Phagocytes

A

A generic term for any cell responsible for engulfing pathogens, waste material and foreign bodies

161
Q

Pharmacology

A

The branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action

162
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics manifested by a person depending on genetic and environmental factors

163
Q

Pili

A

Tiny hairlike structures to assist in attachment of bacteria to tissue and share genetic material

164
Q

Plasma cells

A

Develop from B lymphocytes to produce and secrete specific antibodies

165
Q

Prevalence

A

The total number of cases of a disease at a particular time

166
Q

Primary infection

A

Infection and clinical manifestations caused by single pathogen type

167
Q

Prodromal phase

A

Time taken when an infected person will start to feel sick or fatigued

168
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Chemical mediator derived from membrane phospholipids

169
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

A normal gene which after mutating can contribute to cancer

170
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-cell organism that reproduce asexually by cell division

171
Q

Recessive trait

A

Trait that can be carried in a person’s genes without appearing in that person

172
Q

Regeneration

A

The damaged tissue is replaced by identical tissue from nearby cells. Sometimes altering the tissues overall function. i.e fibrous tissue in the liver

173
Q

Remission

A

The state of absence of disease activity in patients known to have a chronic illness that cannot be cured. It is commonly used to refer to absence of active cancer

174
Q

Replacement

A

Extensive damage, the tissue is replaced by connective tissue (scar), tissue cells are incapable to regenerate. i.e Brain or heart infarction

175
Q

Resolution

A

Minimal tissue damage, the cells recover within a short period i.e. mild sunburn

176
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune inflammatory joint disease

177
Q

Rubor

A

Redness

178
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignancy of connective tissue

179
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal curve of the back; S or C shaped back

180
Q

Second intention healing

A

Healing in where there is a large break in tissue, significant inflammation, a long healing period and lots of scar tissue

181
Q

Secondary infection

A

Infection caused by pathogen other than that in primary infection, usually opportunistic

182
Q

Seizure

A

Also known as convulsion. Sudden, involuntary movements with loss of awareness, caused by uncontrolled neuronal discharge in the brain

183
Q

Convulsion

A

Also known as seizure. Sudden, involuntary movements with loss of awareness, caused by uncontrolled neuronal discharge in the brain

184
Q

Sepsis

A

A life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection injures its own tissues and organs

185
Q

Septicemia

A

Multiplication of pathogens in the blood

186
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The one pair of human chromosomes within the set of 23 pairs that determine the sex of the person

187
Q

Simple fracture

A

A single break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain their alignment

188
Q

Spiral

A

Wavy shaped bacteria

189
Q

Sprain

A

Tear in ligament

190
Q

Staph

A

Irregular clusters of bacteria

191
Q

Strain

A

Tear in tendon/muscle

192
Q

Strep

A

Chain clusters of bacteria

193
Q

Sub-clinical infection

A

Does not cause any apparent clinical manifestations

194
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial separation (dislocaition) of two bones at a joint

195
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting, temporary loss of consciousness

196
Q

Systemic infection

A

Infection spreads to many sites, typically through the circulation

197
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Specialized lymphocytes produced by the bone marrow and matured in thymus, which is responsible for cell-mediated immunity

198
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumours arising from precursor cells to the gamates

199
Q

Thymus

A

Gland located in the mediastinum, site of maturation and proliferation of T lymphocytes

200
Q

Toxemia

A

Presence of toxins in the blood

201
Q

Trisomy

A

A condition characterised by three copies of one particular chromosome

202
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling

203
Q

Tumour

A

A generic term for any growth, swelling or neoplasm

204
Q

Vascular phase

A

The first stage of acute inflammation

205
Q

Viremia

A

Presence of viruses in the blood

206
Q

Virulence

A

A generic term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

The degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe

207
Q

Virus

A

A microscopic pathogen, that uses the host to replicate. Can only reproduce inside a host cell

208
Q

Bactericidal

A

An antibiotic agent which actually kills the bacteria.e.g. Penicillin

209
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

An antibiotic agent which does not kill the bacteria but rather inhibit its growth and replication so the immune system can kill the bacteria. e.g. Tetracyclines

210
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

Antibiotic agents that only target a specific type of bacteria

211
Q

Broad spectrum

A

Antibiotic agents that kill a wide range of bacteria

2804NRS (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions