Module 1: Cellular Pathophysiology Flashcards
Aeitiology
The cause of a disease
Atrophy
Reduction in cell size
Clinical manifestations
Demonstrable changes in body function (signs and symptoms) caused by a disease
Dysplasia
Maladaptive; variation in size and shape of cells in tissue
Epidemiology
The study of the patterns of disease (incidence) within populations
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell mitosis
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell size
Hypoxaemia
Insufficient oxygen in the blood
Hypoxia
A state of low oxygen
Incidence
The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed within a period
Infarction
Tissue death (necrosis) caused by a local lack of oxygen, due to an obstruction of the tissue’s blood supply
Ischemia
Inadequate blood flow to an organ or tissue
Metaplasia
Transition from one cell type to another
Pathogeneisis
Sequence of events by which the disease develops from aetiology to signs and symptoms (acute/chronic)
Pathophysiology
The study of the mechanisms by which disease and illness alter body function
Pharmacology
The branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action
Prevalence
The total number of cases of a disease at a particular time
Idiopathic
Unknown aeitiology
Differential diagnosis
A short list of possible diseases/conditions causing current clinical manifestations
Presumptive diagnosis
Initial identification of disease
Definitive diagnosis
Final identification of disease
Sequela
Complication, resolution or outcome of a disease
Prognosis
Likely outcome of the disease
Pathology
Changes in structure
Risk factor
Things that increase chance of disease
Signs
Objective changes caused by disease/dysfunction which are able to be seen by an outsider (fever, redness)
Symptoms
Subjective changes caused by a disease/dysfunction only able to be felt by subject (pain, nausea)
Diagnosis
Using clinical manifestations and pathology to identify the disease
Treatments
Ways to mange a disease (lifestyle, medication and surgical)
Acute inflammation
Condition involving tissue swelling/oedema that occurs shortly (seconds, minutes, hours) after the injury
Calor
Temperature
Cellular phase
Second stage of acute inflammation
Chemical mediators
Intracellular substances released into the tissue that induce inflammation
Chronic inflammation
Acute inflammatory response that does not subside after 2 weeks
Dalor
Pain
Exudate
Fluid that moves out of the blood vessels and accumulates in the tissue
Histamine
Chemical mediator released from mast cell, key to vascular phase of acute inflammation
Leukotrienes
Chemical mediator that causes bronchoconstriction
Prostaglandins
Chemical mediator derived from membrane phospholipids
Rubor
Redness
Tumor
Swelling
Vascular phase
The first stage of acute inflammation
Angiogenesis
Development of new blood vessels
Replacement (wound healing)
Extensive damage, the tissue is replaced by connective (scar) tissue, tissue cells are incapable to regenerate. i.e Brain or heart infarction
Paremchyma
Functional tissue cells
Second intention healing
Healing in where there is a large break in tissue, significant inflammation, a long healing period and lots of scar tissue
Keloid scar
Excessive scar tissue that grows beyond the wound edges
Debridement
Process of cleaning debris and dead cells from injured site
Resolution (wound healing)
Minimal tissue damage, the cells recover within a short period i.e. mild sunburn
Hypertrophic scar
Scar tissue that remains within wound margins
Epithelialisation
Epithelial layer growing into the surrounding under the clot to bridge the wound gap
First intention healing
Healing process where wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrosis, wound can be held together with minimal gap
Regeneration
The damaged tissue is replaced by identical tissue from nearby cells. Sometimes altering the tissues overall function. i.e fibrous tissue in the liver
Collagen
Protein commonly found in connective tissue and basic component found in scar tissue
Granulation
New connective tissue growing into the wound (bright red)
