What Factors Strengthened Apartheid Or 'separate Development' 1960-68? Flashcards
SA economy in the 60s
After WWII world economy grew
Faster than European growth but slower than similar economies
Dependent on mining and agriculture
Low productivity due to skills shortage
Partially due discrimination in ed system
Economy of 60s- impact on BSA
Employment in manufacturing, mainly BSA double from 1951-75
More white collar workers/ private sector
More diverse than manual labourers
Couldn’t control whites and no skilled work eg plumbers/ electricians
Native Building Workers Act 1951: used African workers on African homes, paid less
Advertising identifies market and more economic opportunity and increase in income
Economy of 60s- impact on WSA
Jobs could be reserved
Benefitted more, white immigrants immediately better off than BSA, brought skills
60s best time for WSA
Income increase of 50%, 12x black incomes
Car ownership 4th in the world: 1 car for 3 people
Increasingly live in suburbs
Bantustans
Key gov’t focus in strengthening Sep dev
Homeland dev brings ec dev to rising rural middle class
Would have own gov’t, bureaucracy and infrastructure
Businessmen able to have own retail outlets
1959 Bantu Self Gov’t Act
60s resistance
Particularly low
1963 General Law Amendment Act: could be arrested and held in prison for 90days without charge (doubles in ‘65), can be continually retried
Leaders in exile
SA banned in sports, express in music and arts
Organisations in the 60s
Church: choirs, priests such as Huddleston, strong religion in women
Saving clubs/ Stockwells help income, insufficient communities and prevent alcoholism
Drum Magazine
Launched 1951 Change life in townships Independence in Kenya and Zambia covered Controversial Cover sville
African women in the 60s
Jobs for education, women in municipal services
Migration: freedom from rural patriarchy
Education more available, new freedom and independence
The Arts
Shebeens and clubs Ernest Cole photography African music with US jazz Musicians came to Britain for 'King Kong' musical Denis Brutus poetry
Ossewabrandig and Broederbond
Oss: Sa group that supported pro- Nazi activities during WWII
Broederbond: Afrikaner secret society
Vorster is member and of the Dutch Reformed Church
Vorster history
1961 appointed Minister of Justice, Police and Prisons
Fiercely opposed black majority rule in SA- enforced Security Legislation
Against neighbouring countries supporting ANC
Terrorism Act: indefinite detention of political activists
Vorster; a new approach
Acted pragmatically to make economic and diplomatic ties
Links with Malawe/ US/ Britain
Companies such as Barclays, Coca Cola and Volkswagan run in SA
Combat communism
1968 John Vorster Square police HQ- 8 detainees in detention
Increase in gov’t repression
More violent
1967 Terrorism Act- even tighter security legislation
1960 Unlawful Organisation Act- faced violence in prison
