How Radical Did The ANC and PAC become After 1960? Flashcards
What prompted the ANC and PAC to an armed struggle?
1960 banning: incapability to function peacefully
Chinese (40s) and Cuban (59) armed revolution
Yet Treason Trial: rely on commitment to non violence
All in African Conference
Advocate national constitutional convention
All SA should be involved in constitutional decisions
Organisations adoption of armed struggles
SA communist party the first
1961: Luthuli and SAIC against but ANC adopt struggle
Some believed ANC isn’t ready or may expose to a harsher reality
ANC and Umkhonto we Sizwe
Zulu- Spear of the Nation
Independent military wing supporting lib movt
1) protect ANC
2) ANC not fully United
Led by Mandela and Slovo
Communist links importance for donation, training and education
1961 sabotage of MK
5 African men sent to China for guerrilla training tactics
Target strategic sites eg communications post and power units
Planned major act of sabotage for 16 Dec 1961 (Dingaans Day)
1967 Terrorism Act
Est 80 people died whilst being held under the act
Oliver Tambo
Leaves SA and tried to persuade gov’t to bring change
Exile in London builds world wide support
Puts ANC on world map
Turns to International Defence Aid for help (IDAF)
Poqo
‘Pure’ or ‘alone’
Armed wing att to Pan Africanist Congress
Target WSA, mainly policemen, Transkei Chiefs, alleged informers
Target Paarl 1962
Violent murder of white family 1963
What prompted the armed struggle?
Cuban and Chinese Rev New younger activists Unlawful Org Act Lack of progress from peaceful protest- 'submit or fight' Growth of African independence Break of PAC State use of violence
Rivonia Trial
1964
10 leaders of ANC charged
Recruiting fights, sabotage attempts, links with communist, soliciting money from foreign states
Defended by white lawyers sympathetic to struggle
Rivonia trial as a political opportunity
Showed gov’t as overreacting
Platform to express views
Leaders as eloquent and educated- gov’t punish those who aren’t evidently criminal
Awareness and publicity of struggle
Rivonia trial as restricting ANC
Allowed gov’t to potentially mute ANC
Restricted movt as leaders imprisoned
Significance of Oliver Tambo
Founded MK
Resilient
Galvanised international support
Tambo in exile
1960
Established external mission
Travelled widely in Europe and Africa
Driven to Botswana by Segal, anti apartheid activist in London, editor of Penguin African Library
AAM
Founded in 1960
Global movt including British Christians of the Anglican Church
Huddleston: becomes president and reeves (Bishop of Johannesburg)
Appealed to activists against colonialism, liberal and labour politicians, those against white rule
1959 boycott focuses products such as sherry, supported by newspapers
