What factors strengthened Apartheid or 'separate development' in the years 1960-1968?

Question 1

How did apartheid policy evolve in terms of higher education?

Answer 1

-Education was separated
-University of Durban was basically an Apartheid institution reserved for the use of Indian and some coloured students (in 1984 opened its doors to all students)
-Western Cape University gains official status o could give coloured students awards and diplomas

Question 2

Despite some reforms, education remained discriminatory

Answer 2

-11 universities in South Africa served mainly white students
~4 English language universities
~2 bilingual universities
-Job reservation laws –> white people had top job priority
-Native universities had worse level of education

Question 3

Ways in which economic growth of South Africa was used to benefit particular groups

Answer 3

-Higher life expectancy, standard of living and hospital care for whites
-Wage rises by 50% (Many could afford servants!)
-Better education

Question 4

Britain’s policy towards South Africa

Answer 4

-Anti-Apartheid conference formed
-Government still trades with South Africa
-Believe it will harm Africans

Question 5

United State’s policy towards South Africa

Answer 5

-Remains their economic ties
-Monitor communist presence

Question 6

Soviet Union’s policy towards South Africa

Answer 6

-Formed relations between Anti-Apartheid movements and Soviet Union
-Support included arms, finance and training (All aimed at bringing about revolution in South Africa)
-Money was also sent to defend ANC activists on trial
-Activists flown to Moscow for formal training

Question 7

Apartheid in the 1960s led to huge differences in people’s quality of life

Answer 7

-25% of Africans died before their 1st birthday
-Low wage= low quality of life

Question 8

There is some evidence to show that economic growth in South Africa brought some limited benefits for Africans

Answer 8

For example white income rose 50% (12x higher than black income)
Whites: 1 in 3 had a car
Blacks: 1 in 100 had a car

Question 9

By the late 1960s, it seemed clear that the homeland policy of the National Party was not reducing African immigration to cities

Answer 9

6 million Africans lived in cities (Johannesburg)

Question 10

It was clear that there was a growing class of skilled African workers who were no longer simply farm workers or miners

Answer 10

To illustate this, employment grew from 855,000 to 1.6 million between 1951-75