WH Finals Flashcards
Critical Thinking - Analyzing and evaluating information to form reasoned judgments.
Primary Source - Original materials from a specific time period, like documents or artifacts.
Secondary Source - Interpretations or analyses based on primary sources.
Bias - A prejudice or inclination that affects objectivity.
Perspective - A viewpoint or way of seeing a situation.
Context - The circumstances surrounding an event or idea.
Anthropology - The study of human societies and cultures and their development.
Archaeology - The study of past human life through artifacts.
Hominids - Early human ancestors and relatives.
Australopithecines - Early hominids known for walking upright.
Homo Erectus - Early humans who used tools and fire.
Homo Sapiens - Modern humans
Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) - Time of hunter-gatherers using stone tools.
Neolithic Revolution - Transition to farming and settled life.
Catalhoyuk - One of the first known farming villages.
Jericho - Early walled city in the ancient Middle East. Early farming village
Domestication - Taming animals and cultivating plants for human use.
Social Classification - Dividing people into groups based on status or role.
Foundations of Civilization - Key elements like government, religion, economy, etc.
Civilization - Complex societies with cities, government, and culture.
Cultural Diffusion - The spread of ideas and practices between cultures.
Social Hierarchy - Ranking of people in a society.
City-State (Polis) - Independent city with its own government.
Bureaucracy - Organized system of officials and departments.
Mesopotamia - “Land between the rivers,” site of early civilizations.
Ziggurat - Stepped temple in ancient Mesopotamia.
Cuneiform - Earliest system of writing, from Sumer.
Hammurabi’s Code - First written law code from Babylon.
Sumer - First known civilization in Mesopotamia.
Epic of Gilgamesh - Ancient Mesopotamian literary work.
Ancient Egypt - Civilization along the Nile River.
Pharaoh - Egyptian ruler seen as a god-king.
Hieroglyphics - Egyptian writing using symbols.
Papyrus - Plant used to make paper in ancient Egypt.
Mummification - Preserving bodies for the afterlife in Egypt.
The Nile River - Lifeblood of Egypt, crucial for farming.
Vizier - High-ranking bureaucrat in ancient Egypt.
Egyptian Gods (Amon-Re, Osiris, Isis) - (Amon Re, Osiris, Isis) - Deities of sun, afterlife, and magic.
Pyramids - Tombs for Egyptian pharaohs. Structures with a square base and four triangular sides that meet at a point, typically built in ancient Egypt
Mandate of Heaven - Chinese belief in divine approval of rulers.
Dynastic Cycle - Rise and fall of ruling families in China.
Feudalism - Land-based political system in ancient China.
Great Wall of China - Built to protect China from invasions.
Democracy - Government by the people, first in Athens.
Polis - Greek city-state.
Acropolis - High city in Greek city-states with temples.
Agora - Marketplace and gathering area in Greece.
Socrates - Philosopher who emphasized questioning. The Socratic Method.
Plato - Philosopher who founded the Academy in Athens.
Aristotle - Philosopher who taught Alexander the Great.
Hellenistic Era - Period of Greek influence after Alexander’s conquests.
Phalanx - Military formation of soldiers in rows. Warriors with Shields and Spears in a Formation
Epic (e.g., Iliad, Odyssey) - Long poems about heroic deeds.
Tragedy - Serious Greek drama with a moral lesson.
Comedy - Humorous Greek drama.
Persian Wars - Conflicts between Greece and Persia.
Acient Rome - Civilization that controlled the Mediterranean.
Republic - Government where officials are elected.
Consuls - Leaders of the Roman Republic.
Tribunes - Officials protecting plebeian rights.
Latifundia - Large Roman estates worked by slaves
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Punic Wars - Battles between Rome and Carthage.
Aqueducts - Structures that carried water to Roman cities.
Twelve Tables - Roman laws providing equal protection.
Augustus - First Roman emperor who began Pax Romana.
Pax Romana - Roman peace and prosperity period.
Alexander the Great - Conqueror who spread Greek culture.
Zoroastrianism - Persian religion emphasizing good vs. evil.
Maurya Empire - Indian empire known for its strong administration.
Silk Road - Trade route connecting China to the West.
Polytheism - Belief in many gods.
Monotheism - Belief in one god.
Judaism - Monotheistic religion of the Hebrews.
Torah - Sacred text of Judaism.
Diaspora - Scattering of Jewish people from their homeland.
Christianity - Religion based on Jesus Christ’s teachings.
Buddhism - Religion teaching the path to enlightenment.
Four Noble Truths - Core Buddhist beliefs about suffering.
Eightfold Path - Buddhist guide to ethical living.
Hinduism - Religion teaching karma and dharma.
Karma - Hindu belief in cause and effect of actions.
Dharma - Hindu duty based on role in life.
Ahimsa - Hindu principle of nonviolence.
Olmecs - First Mesoamerican civilization. Known for Colossal Stone Heads
Maya - Civilization known for its pyramids and calendar.
Aztecs - Empire known for human sacrifices and Tenochtitlán. Warriors
Chinampas - Floating Aztec gardens.
Tenochtitlán - Capital of the Aztec Empire.
Bread and Circuses - Roman tactic to appease the masses.
Barbarian Invasions - External attacks contributing to Rome’s fall.
Byzantine Empire - Eastern continuation of the Roman Empire.
Visigoths - Germanic tribe that sacked Rome.
Huns - Nomadic warriors threatening Rome.
Overpopulation - Excessive population causing resource strain.
Resource Depletion - Exhaustion of essential supplies.
Compare Athens and Sparta - Athens: democracy; Sparta: military.
Compare Rome and Han China - Rome: republic; Han: centralized empire.
Compare Neolithic vs. Paleolithic Societies - Neolithic: farming; Paleolithic: hunting, gathering
Native America - Diverse cultures adapting to various regions.
Land Bridge Theory - Migration to the Americas via Bering Strait.
Coastal Migration Theory - Seafaring migration along the Americas.
Nomadic Lifestyle - Moving from place to place for food and resources. Not staying settled in one place.
Cahokia - Major Native American urban center.
Three Sisters Agriculture (Corn, Beans, Squash) - Staple crops of Native Americans.
Mary and Louis Leakey - Archeologists who discovered early hominids.
Donald Johanson - Discovered “Lucy,” an Australopithecine.
Lucy (Hominid Skeleton) - Famous early human relative fossil.
Hatshepsut - Female pharaoh who expanded trade.
Ramses II - Pharaoh known for building monuments.
Cleopatra VII - Last ruler of Egypt’s Ptolemaic dynasty.
Sargon of Akkad - Created the first empire in Mesopotamia.
Hammurabi - Babylonian king who codified laws.
Nebuchadnezzar II - Built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Cyrus the Great - Founded the Persian Empire.
Darius I - Expanded Persia and standardized systems.
Pericles - Leader who expanded Athenian democracy.
Homer - Homer Poet of Iliad and Odyssey.
Julius Caesar - Roman general who became dictator.
Augustus (Octavian) - First emperor of Rome.
Abraham - Main “Founding Father” of The Abrahamic Religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Moses - Led Hebrews out of Egypt.
