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334 Revision > Welfare states - Explaining Poverty? > Flashcards

Welfare states - Explaining Poverty? Flashcards

1
Q

whare are the ‘three worlds of welfare capitalism’ defined by Esping-Andersen

A

Welfare regimes:

  1. Liberal
  2. Christian Democratic
  3. Social Democratic
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2
Q

What are the two key distinctions in what categorises a welfare state?

A
  • Commodification - the extent to which social rights are commodified (served by market instead of state)
  • Stratification - the extent to which a society is stratified by classes/strata - how much inequality we have?
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3
Q

Name liberal welfare states:

A
  • UK
  • Ireland
  • USA
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4
Q

what are the characteristics of a liberal welfare state?

A
  • limited ‘residual’ protection from poverty ‘safety net’ only for the needy
  • means tested benefits
  • limited social services
  • low replacement rates
  • middle classes go for market options
  • Inequality remains
  • minimum decommodification
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5
Q

describe the characteristics of democratic welfare states

continental

A
  • Extensive welfare benefits
  • social insurance, industry related welfare
  • high replacement rates and entitlements
  • excludes some groups
  • faimily oriented
  • integrates middles classes
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6
Q

Descrine the characteristics of the social democratic welfare state.

(Scandinavia)

A
  • extensive benefits, individual entitlement on basis of citizenship (universalism)
  • High replacement rates
  • Extensive high quality (and high cost) state provision of services
  • integrates middles classes into state schemes
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7
Q

What does Kasza say about welfare states and categorisation?

A
  • welfare states should never be put into regimes/categories because this distorts reality and our perception of complexity
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8
Q

how and why do welfare models differ?

A
  • they are based on different history choices and societal power struggles
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9
Q

what is an exception for the UK

A

it has a continental scandinavian type of health care

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10
Q

how do Brooks and Manza explain the welfare state?

A

Voter popularity, if you provide welfare you get votes!

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11
Q

How do Huber and stephens explain the welfare state?

A
  • Class struggle
  • Self perpetuation : the strength of organised labour –> welfare generosity –> decommodification of labour (cyclical)
  • A reinforcement process
  • To an extent Esping-Andersen support this too
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12
Q

what does Offe say about welfare state and its contradictions?

A
  • Although Habermas had argued that the Capitalist system used the welfare state as a mechanism of legitimation. HOWEVER says capitalism is killing itself with the decommodification of labour , it both needs the welfare state and seeks to abolish it
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13
Q

What do Iverson, Garret and Swenson argue are the complementarities of the welfare state?

A
  • it encourages skill formation
  • it enables adaptation to changing context
  • it mitigates social conflict
  • it collectivises social risk
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14
Q

What does Ferra say about the age of welfare austerity?

A
  • We are in a silver age of austerity,
  • Decline of Public spending
  • General move towards retrenchment in light of :
  • Globalisation
  • European integration
  • Demographic change
  • Industrial restructuring (e.g. from production to financial economy)
  • Reduced profitability
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15
Q

Good quote from Huber and Stephens about expenditure declines, golden age and 70s

A

‘Expenditure growth shows a general decline in the 1980s, compared to both the golden age and the 70s … governments everywhere became very concerned about fiscal imbalances and attempted to deal with them through different combinations of expenditure cuts and tax increase’s

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16
Q

what does Pierson say about the welfare state and its decline?

A
  • Pierson argues that we are witnessing a new politics of the welfare state
  • in contrast to the rise of thew elfare state, we are now witnessing the decline of thew welfare state, which produces different dynamics:
  • Political leaders seeking to displace blame
  • Potential for left parties to be able to reduce welfare state
  • depoliticisation
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17
Q

what were the options in the face of the global economic crisis?

A
  • Options faced were the return of keynesian economics versus the intensification of pre existing trends
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18
Q

Gatti and Glyn 2006 show incerases of GDP% spent on welfare 1980 - 2001 how and for what nations?

A
  • France 21.1 – 28.5
  • Germany 23.0 – 27.4
  • Sweden 28.8 – 28.9
  • UK 17.9 – 21.8
  • US 13.3 – 14.8
  • Japan 10.2 – 16.9
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19
Q

What are the latest available rates of OECD income inequality rates for USA, UK, France, Germany, Sweden

A
  • USA - 0.394 (2014)
  • UK - 0.358 (2013)
  • France - 0.294 (2013)
  • Germany - 0.292 (2013)
  • Sweden - 0.281 (2013)
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20
Q

What are the percentages of populations living below 60% of median income in Sweden, Germany, France, UK, USA? OECD

A

Sweden - 12.3%

Germany 13.1%

France 14.1%

UK 21.8%

USA 23.8%

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21
Q

What are the 2016 stats for social protection spending as % of GDP? (OECD)

A
  • France 31.5% (socialist party under Hollande since 2012)
  • Sweden 27.1%
  • Germany 25.3%
  • UK 21.5%
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22
Q

Because just looking at stats of expenditure can be misleading it is good to look at the clear relationship between?

what are the 2010 levels of public debt as % of GDP according to Eurostat?

A
  • state expenditure before tax and levels of income inequality.
  • UK 80% public debt GDP
  • Germany 83.2%
  • Sweden 39.8%
  • France 81.7%
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23
Q

what did Eurostat findings show for 2014-2015

A
  • UK citizens are at greater risk of poverty or social exclusion than those in Germany and France, with Sweden (16.0%) having lowest rates of social exclusion in Europe apart form Czech republic.

UK 23.5% (higher amongst young)
Sweden 16%
Germany 20%
France 17. 7%

(Netherlands 16.4%)
(Finland 16.8%)

24
Q

Unlike German coordination or UK market driven what is the French VoC?

A
  • French VoC is state led (hence why it makes sense for the increases in state spending since the socialists came in 2012)
  • The state is the key actor and directs production via state funded investment
  • Capitalism is neither free (LME) nor regulated (CME) but its directed
25
Q

what is a really key distinction to make when referring to the state?

A
  • STATE DOES NOT MEAN GOVERNMENT
  • state = an array of entityts that are linked to the state, e.g. state owned banks, state owned telecoms companies,
    e. g. in France a big shareholder in Peugeot and Renault is the govenrment
26
Q

describe how economic planning is a big part of french capitalism

A
  • establishment of state enterprises in strategic factors of the French economy (utilities, infrastructure, education, employment, technologies)

** thirty glorious years economic and social success of high growth, low unemployment and poverty 40s to 80s

  • Roads public buildings, bridges railways ports etc will not be done by the market but will be led by the state
27
Q

what are the liberal and social democratic criticisms of French Dirigste state?

A
  • liberal critique = not enough market too much state

- Social democratic critique= rigid and unreformable institutions

28
Q

What are continental welfare states (which two nations?)

A
  • France and Germany
29
Q

what are the charactersistics of the continental welfare state?

A
  • Extensive welfare benefits but distributed selectively
  • social insurance, occupational-related welfare
  • High replacement rates and entitlements
  • Excludes some groups like women and young
  • Family oriented
  • integrates middle classes
30
Q

what is the theory of Bordieu with regards to social includsion?

A
  • it is not just about money, you can be deprived of social capital, a lot of countries are subsidising cultural activities like museums –> some even argue that by not having internet is a form of social exclusion, includes non economic elements (e.g. no gyms, libary etc)
31
Q

France is in the same category as who for social exclusion rates?

A
  • Scandinavian countries, very low % of the population are at risk.

Europa, 2015)

32
Q

Unlike France and the UK and to a lesser extent Germany) France has no what?

A
  • there is no new right , not even the national front seriously argues for privatisation or welfare retrenchment
33
Q

What are the key problems for France?

A
  • Low growth low social contributions due to lower employment rates
  • Schubert et al., 2009 –> 3 quarters of expenditure is spent on old age and health
34
Q

what does Palier argue about the French social welfare system being frozen?

despite what?

A
  • He argues that the French welfare system is the most immovable, entrenched , frozen

the fact that social expenditure (in pensions and healthcare) is rising faster than GDP

35
Q

why does the UK suck at welfare?

A
  • some of the highest inequality rates in the world
  • high employment but low provision of care and pay

welfare is means tested and limited

36
Q

what does Swank argue about quasi federalism in the UK and its implications for welfare?

A
  • he says that the decentralisation of policy making power has notable implications for welfare state change –> e.g. Scotland
37
Q

what did Bogandor argue about new labour?

A
  • it displays a preference for diversity over uniformity, making it harder for a government of the left to secure equality of conditions in different parts of the UK , the welfare state was based on principle that benefits and burdens would depend on need not geography (Devolution negates this)
38
Q

UK has generally had what?

A
  • one of the least generous welfare states in Europe and the world
  • however it does have some universal social rights : health , social security
39
Q

Describe the christian democratic welfare state

A
  • several terms are used by Esping-Andersen (Conservative/Christian democratic/corporatist/continental welfare regime)
  • Also found as social market economies or SD capitalism
  • Free markets combined with state intervention to ensure well being
40
Q

What are the two key elements of Christian social theory?

A
  • Personalism: human fulfilment through responsibility to other people, especially family and the community –> opposed to both liberal individualism and socialism
  • Solidarity and cohesion amongst different sectors of society :
  • improve social conditions, suspicious of class consiousness
  • class integration instead of society as an organic whole

(the third way between capitalism and socialism)

41
Q

describe the German social market economy

A
  • conservative and catholic forces in continental Europe limit extent of market commodification
    (ordoliberalism - Erchard)
  • welfare redistribution consistent with social hierarchies, traditional family roles, class stratification
  • Goal: social integration, not equality / universalism
42
Q

describe the way in which the German welfare state is not good at universalism

A
  • extensive welfare benefits (high replacement rates), but distributed selectively
  • benefits depend on contributions, not social rights
  • often high replacement rates and entitlements
  • neglects some groups like women and the young
  • family oriented. Less emphasis on childcare services
  • integrates the middle classes but may neglect outsiders as such , women, young, immigrants
43
Q

describe gender relations in continental Europe

A
  • male breadwinner
  • family at centre of welfare provision

** france exception to this with high childcare provision (but this was a measure to reduce greying population)

44
Q

who are the outsiders in the German system?

A
  • young, women, gay, parents face considerable obstacles both in job market and welfare
45
Q

why did Andersen argue that the welfare state in Germany was frozen?

A
  • Germany was unable to reform its coordinated market economy and welfare state arrangements at the turn of the 21st century because of a large number of veto points and players, the dominance of ‘welfare state parties’
46
Q

Describe what states come under the banner of Scandinavian or SD welfare states

A
  • Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland

some people include Netherlands and Austria

47
Q

describe the scandinavian / SD welfare state

A
  • Extensive welfare benefits for all, universalism

= high replacement rates and entitlements

= universal social insurance

inclusion of all citizens on basis of socical insurance

individual focus

exclusion of non citizens

high direct and indirect taxes

48
Q

in terms of commodification and stratification what is there to be said about the Scandinavian nations?

A
  • they are the most egalitarian of all the welfare states
49
Q

Swedish tax rates in the early 1990s were over what percentage?

Trade union coverage was over what percentage?

A
  • tax rates were greater than 60%

- Trade union coverage was over 90%

50
Q

what was pioneered in Denmark?

A
  • Flexicurity (easy hire and fire) - however the extensive welfare system makes up for this

(Cameron, 1984 = social protection not only out of principle but as compensation for risk of market openness)

51
Q

what does Kvist argue? Nordic model and its extinction

Kvist, 2013

A
  • Because the nordic model is supposedly more universal and generous than other welfare models, it is also expected to become extinct earlier and more rapidly than its European counter parts”
52
Q

what does korpi note about the nordic compromise?

Clark, Cochrane and Gerwitz, 2002

A

since the 1930s nordic nations have see na notable compromise between both capital and labour , capital was assured fully economic freedom from any threat of nationalisation, yet in support of this labour was also granted the full protection of the state

53
Q

sykes et al note what about nordic employment?

A
  • all nordic nations have persued full employment at some point in time

(Denmark e.g. 2007 highest european employment rate, active labour market policies)

54
Q

Vidje 2013 on welfare state provision in nordic welfare model

A

the welfare model is one based on universalism , the strong role of government, income security extensive income redistribution as well as high quality sectors of education and health

55
Q

how much of their GDP did Sweden and Denmark invest into their healthcare systems in 2014?

A
  • 10.02% (Sweden)
  • 9.16% (Denmark)

UK 7.75% Germany 8.7% France 11.5%

56
Q

who said nordic model can be exclusionary and how?

A
  • it can be exclusionary for vulnerable groups (Halvorsen, Hvinden and Schoyen, 2015)
57
Q

which two authors talk a lot about active labour market policies?

A
  • Kvist and Pedersen, 2007

334 Revision (10 decks)

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